Enzymatic hydrolysis of disaccharides and oligosaccharides using alpha-glucosidase enzymes

ABSTRACT

A method is disclosed for hydrolyzing an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in a saccharide (disaccharide or oligosaccharide) such as leucrose. This method comprises contacting the saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme such as transglucosidase or glucoamylase under suitable conditions, during which contacting step the enzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of the saccharide. This method is useful for reducing the amount of leucrose in a filtrate isolated from a glucan synthesis reaction, for example.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos.61/945,233 (filed Feb. 27, 2014), 61/945,241 (filed Feb. 27, 2014),62/004,290 (filed May 29, 2014), 62/004,308 (filed May 29, 2014),62/004,312 (filed May 29, 2014), 62/004,300 (filed May 29, 2014),62/004,314 (filed May 29, 2014), and 62/004,305 (filed May 29, 2014),all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention is in the field of enzymatic hydrolysis of small sugarpolymers. Specifically, this invention pertains to hydrolyzingdisaccharides and oligosaccharides comprising one or more alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkages with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The official copy of the sequence listing is submitted electronicallyvia EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file namedCL6115USNP_SequenceListing_ST25.txt created on Feb. 10, 2015, and havinga size of 266 kilobytes and is filed concurrently with thespecification. The sequence listing contained in this ASCII-formatteddocument is part of the specification and is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Glucoamylases (EC 3.2.1.3, alpha-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase) areexo-acting enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of both alpha-1,4 andalpha-1,6 glycosidic linkages from non-reducing ends ofglucose-containing di-, oligo- and poly-saccharides, releasing glucoseunits one at a time (1960, Pazur and Ando, J. Biol. Chem. 235:297-302).Cleavage occurs at the glycosidic bond connecting the anomeric carbonwith oxygen (1962, Fleetwood and Weigel, Nature 196:984). Alpha-1,4,alpha-1,6, and alpha-1,3 bonds are the only linkages hydrolyzed atsignificant rates by glucoamylase (1957, Barker et al., J. Chem. Soc.4865-4871).

Glucoamylase is also capable of hydrolyzing the glycosidic bond betweenthe two glucosyl units linked by alpha-1,2 (e.g., Kojibiose) oralpha-1,1 (e.g., trehalose). However, this enzymatic activity occurs ata much lower rate and at more dilute substrate concentrations comparedto glucoamylase activity toward disaccharides with alpha-1,4 (maltose)or alpha-1,6 (isomaltose) linkages.

Glucoamylase has been widely used for producing high-glucose syrup fromstarch. High-glucose syrup is useful as a feedstock for producingvarious value-added compounds such as fuel alcohol, high-fructose cornsyrup, organic acids, amino acids and vitamins. Glucoamylase has beenisolated from numerous microorganisms, animals and plants, and amongmicroorganisms, many fungi are good sources of this enzyme. Glucoamylaseproduced in fungal organisms, such as Aspergillus niger, is commonlyused for commercial applications such as high-glucose syrup production.

Transglucosidases (EC.2.4.1.24, 1,4-alpha-glucan6-alpha-glucosyltransferase) are D-glucosyltransferase enzymes thatcatalyze both hydrolytic and transfer reactions on incubation withalpha-D-gluco-oligosaccharides (1951, Pazur and French, J. Amer. Chem.Soc. 73:3536). Maltose is the most preferred substrate fortransglucosylation reactions with this enzyme. Transfer occurs mostfrequently to HO-6, producing isomaltose from D-glucose, or panose(6-O-alpha-glucosyl maltose) from maltose. Transglucosidase can alsotransfer a glucosyl residue to the HO-2 or HO-3 of another D-glucosylunit to form Kojibiose or Nigerose. This enzyme can further transfer aD-glucosyl unit back to HO-4 to reform maltose.

As a result of transglucosylation reactions with transglucosidase,malto-oligosaccharide residues are converted toisomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) containing a higher proportion ofglucosyl residues linked by alpha-D-1,6 glycosidic linkages from thenon-reducing end. IMO sugars are used in many food and beverageformulations in Asia. Brier et al. (U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No.2003/0167929) disclosed using transglucosidase to produce IMO frombarley wort.

Poulose et al. (U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2008/0229514) disclosedusing transglucosidase to degrade polysaccharides such as xanthan andguar gums. Xanthan gum comprises a cellulosic backbone in whichalternate glucoses are 1,3-linked to branches containing mannose andglucuronic acid. The backbone of guar gum comprises beta-1,4-linkedmannose residues to which galactose residues are alpha-1,6-linked atevery other mannose.

Lantero et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,437) disclosed using atransglucosidase to degrade sucrose, melezitose and trehalulose. Thesesugars comprise glucose linked to fructose via 1,2-(sucrose),1,3-(melezitose), or 1,1-(trehalulose) linkages.

Although various hydrolytic activities of glucoamylase andtransglucosidase have been disclosed, these enzymes are generallyconsidered to be alpha-glucosidases, given their ability to hydrolyzealpha-linkages between two glucosyl residues. For example, bothglucoamylase and transglucosidase are associated with having maltaseactivity (hydrolysis of the alpha-1,4 glycosidic link between the twoglucosyl residues of maltose), which is a type of alpha-glucosidaseactivity.

Notwithstanding the foregoing disclosures, surprisingly, it has now beenfound that alpha-glucosidases such as transglucosidase (EC 2.4.1.24),glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), and other alpha-glucosidases can hydrolyzealpha-1,5 glycosidic linkage of glucosyl-fructose. Alpha-glucosidasesare disclosed herein as being useful for degrading disaccharides andoligosaccharides containing glucosyl-alpha-1,5-fructose.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention concerns a method of hydrolyzing analpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in a saccharide comprising at leastone alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage, wherein the saccharide is adisaccharide or oligosaccharide, and wherein the method comprises:contacting the saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme undersuitable conditions, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes atleast one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of the saccharide, andwherein the amount of the saccharide is reduced compared to the amountof the saccharide that was present prior to the contacting step.

In another embodiment, the alpha-glucosidase enzyme of the hydrolysismethod is immobilized.

In another embodiment, the saccharide of the hydrolysis method isleucrose. In another embodiment, the concentration of leucrose after thecontacting step is less than 50% of the concentration of leucrose thatwas present prior to the contacting step.

In another embodiment, the suitable conditions of the hydrolysis methodcomprise (i) a glucan synthesis reaction, or (ii) a fraction obtainedfrom the glucan synthesis reaction; wherein the saccharide is abyproduct of the glucan synthesis reaction. The glucan synthesisreaction produces at least one insoluble alpha-glucan product in anotherembodiment. The fraction is a filtrate of the glucan synthesis reactionin another embodiment. In another embodiment, the glucan synthesisreaction produces at least one soluble alpha-glucan product that is (i)a product of a glucosyltransferase, or (ii) a product of the concertedaction of both a glucosyltransferase and an alpha-glucanohydrolasecapable of hydrolyzing glucan polymers having one or morealpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages or one or more alpha-1,6-glycosidiclinkages. The fraction is a chromatographic fraction of the glucansynthesis reaction in another embodiment in which the glucan synthesisreaction produces at least one soluble alpha-glucan product.

In another embodiment, the alpha-glucosidase enzyme is atransglucosidase or glucoamylase. In another embodiment, (i) thetransglucosidase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO:1; or (ii) the glucoamylase comprises an aminoacid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.

In another embodiment, the invention concerns a composition produced bycontacting a saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme, wherein thesaccharide is a disaccharide or oligosaccharide and comprises at leastone alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage, wherein the alpha-glucosidaseenzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage ofthe saccharide, and wherein the composition comprises a reduced amountof the saccharide compared to the amount of the saccharide that waspresent prior to the contacting step.

In another embodiment, the saccharide of the composition is leucrose.The concentration of the leucrose in the composition is less than 50% ofthe concentration of leucrose that was present prior to the contacting,for example.

In another embodiment, the saccharide of the composition is in (i) aglucan synthesis reaction, or (ii) a fraction obtained from the glucansynthesis reaction; wherein the saccharide is a byproduct of the glucansynthesis reaction. In another embodiment, the fraction is a filtrate ofthe glucan synthesis reaction or a chromatographic fraction of theglucan synthesis reaction.

In another embodiment, the invention concerns a method of enrichingfructose present in a fraction of a glucan synthesis reaction,comprising: (a) contacting a fraction obtained from a glucan synthesisreaction with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under suitable conditions,wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkage of a disaccharide or oligosaccharide comprisedwithin the fraction; and (b) separating fructose from the hydrolyzedfraction of step (a) to obtain a composition having a higherconcentration of fructose compared to the fructose concentration of thefraction of step (a).

In another thirteenth embodiment, the invention concerns a fermentationmethod comprising: (a) contacting a fraction obtained from a glucansynthesis reaction with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under suitableconditions, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes at least onealpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of a disaccharide or oligosaccharidecomprised within the fraction; (b) fermenting the fraction of step (a)with a microbe to yield a product, wherein the fermenting can beperformed after step (a) or simultaneously with step (a); and (c)optionally, isolating the product of (b); wherein the yield of theproduct of (b) is increased compared to the product yield of fermentinga fraction of the glucan synthesis reaction that has not been contactedwith the alpha-glucosidase enzyme.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND SEQUENCES

FIG. 1: ¹H NMR spectra of glucan reaction filtrate material before(starting material) and after (treated material) hydrolysis treatmentwith NOVO 188 enzyme (see Examples 2-3).

FIG. 2: ¹H NMR spectra of glucan reaction filtrate material before(starting material) and after (treated material) hydrolysis treatmentwith TG L-2000 transglucosidase (see Examples 2-3).

TABLE 1 Summary of Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequence IdentificationNumbers Protein Nucleic acid SEQ ID Description SEQ ID NO. NO. “TGL-2000”, A. niger transglucosidase  1 (mature form without signalpeptide) (965 aa) “GC 321 Glucoamylase”, T. reesei  2 glucoamylase(TrGA) (mature form (599 aa) without signal peptide) “gtfJ”,Streptococcus salivarius  3 glucosyltransferase. The first 42 amino(1477 aa) acids of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANKIdentification No. 47527; a start methionine is included. “Aclglu1”,Aspergillus clavatus alpha-  4  5 glucosidase, full-length precursorform (3147 bases) (990 aa) including signal peptide. “Aclglu1”,Aspergillus clavatus alpha-  6 glucosidase, mature form lacking signal(971 aa) peptide. “Nfiglu1”, Neosartorya fischeri alpha-  7  8glucosidase, full-length precursor form (3158 bases) (988 aa) includingsignal peptide. “Nfiglu1”. Neosartorya fischeri alpha-  9 glucosidase,mature form lacking signal (969 aa) peptide. “Ncrglu1”, Neurosporacrassa alpha- 10 11 glucosidase, full-length precursor form (3385 bases)(1044 aa) including signal peptide. “Ncrglu1”, Neurospora crassa alpha-12 glucosidase, mature form lacking signal (1022 aa) peptide.“TauSec098”, Rasamsonia composticola 13 14 alpha-glucosidase,full-length precursor (3293 bases) (1035 aa) form including signalpeptide. “TauSec098”, Rasamsonia composticola 15 alpha-glucosidase,mature form lacking (1013 aa) signal peptide. “TauSec099”, Rasamsoniacomposticola 16 17 alpha-glucosidase, full-length precursor (3162 bases)(990 aa) form including signal peptide. “TauSec099”, Rasamsoniacomposticola 18 alpha-glucosidase, mature form lacking (973 aa) signalpeptide. “BloGlu1”, Bifidobacterium longum 19 20 (subsp. longum JDM301)alpha- (1815 bases) (604 aa) glucosidase (wild type). “BloGlu1”,Bifidobacterium longum 21 (subsp. longum JDM301) alpha- (1812 bases)glucosidase, codon-optimized sequence. “BloGlu2”, Bifidobacterium longum22 alpha-glucosidase (wild type). (604 aa) “BloGlu2”, Bifidobacteriumlongum 23 24 alpha-glucosidase, codon-optimized (1812 bases) (604 aa)sequence encoding amino acid sequence. “BloGlu3”, Bifidobacterium longum25 26 (subsp. F8) alpha-glucosidase (wild (1815 bases) (604 aa) type)“BloGlu3”, Bifidobacterium longum 27 (subsp. F8) alpha-glucosidase,codon- (1812 bases) optimized sequence encoding amino acid sequence.“BpsGlu1”, Bifidobacterium 28 pseudolongum alpha-glucosidase (wild (585aa) type). “BpsGlu1”, Bifidobacterium 29 30 pseudolongumalpha-glucosidase, (1755 bases) (586 aa) codon-optimized sequenceencoding amino acid sequence. “BthGlu1”, Bifidobacterium thermophilum 3132 RBL67 alpha-glucosidase (wild type). (1806 bases) (601 aa) “BthGlu1”,Bifidobacterium thermophilum 33 RBL67 alpha-glucosidase, codon- (1803bases) optimized sequence. “BbrGlu2”, Bifidobacterium breve alpha- 34glucosidase (wild type). (662 aa) “BbrGlu2”, Bifidobacterium brevealpha- 35 38 glucosidase, codon-optimized sequence (1812 bases) (604 aa)encoding amino acid sequence. “BbrGlu5”, Bifidobacterium breve ACS- 3738 071-V-Sch8h alpha-glucosidase (wild (1821 bases) (606 aa) type).“BbrGlu5”, Bifidobacterium breve ACS- 39 071-V-Sch8b alpha-glucosidase,codon- (1818 bases) optimized sequence. “Gtf-S”, Streptococcus sp. C15040 glucosyltransferase, GENBANK GI No. (1570 aa) 321278321. “GTF0459”,Streptococcus sp. C150 41 42 glucosyltransferase, N-terminal- (4179bases) (1392 aa) truncated version of GENBANK GI No. 321278321. “Gtf-C”,Streptococcus mutans MT-4239 43 glucosyltransferase, GENBANK GI No.(1455 aa) 3130088. “GTF0088BsT1”, Streptococcus mutans 44 45 MT-4239glucosyltransferase, N- and C- (2715 bases) (904 aa) terminal-truncatedversion of GENBANK GI No. 3130088. “MUT3325”, Penicillium marneffei ATCC46 47 18224 mutanase, GENBANK GI No. (1308 bases) (435 aa) 212533325.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The disclosures of all cited patent and non-patent literature areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

As used herein, the term “invention” or “disclosed invention” is notmeant to be limiting, but applies generally to any of the inventionsdefined in the claims or described herein. These terms are usedinterchangeably herein.

The terms “saccharide”, “saccharide molecule” and “carbohydrate” areused interchangeably herein and refer to a disaccharide oroligosaccharide, unless otherwise noted. A “disaccharide” herein refersto a carbohydrate having two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidiclinkage. An “oligosaccharide” herein refers to a carbohydrate thatconsists of 2 to 9 monosaccharides, for example, joined by glycosidiclinkages. An oligosaccharide can also be referred to herein as an“oligomer”. Monosaccharides that are comprised within a disaccharide oroligosaccharide can be referred to as “monosaccharide units” or“monomeric units”, for example. Preferred monosaccharides herein arefructose and glucose.

The terms “glycosidic linkage” and “glycosidic bond” are usedinterchangeably herein and refer to the type of covalent bond that joinsa carbohydrate molecule to another carbohydrate molecule.

The terms “alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucose linkage”, “alpha-1,3glucose-glucose linkage” and “glucose-alpha 1,3-glucose” herein refersto an alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkage between two alpha-D-glucosemolecules. The terms “alpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkage”, “alpha-1,6glucose-glucose linkage” and “glucose-alpha 1,6-glucose” herein refersto an alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkage between two alpha-D-glucosemolecules. Alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucose linkage(s) and/or alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkage(s) herein are comprised within a disaccharideor oligosaccharide in certain embodiments.

The terms “alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage”, “alpha-1,5glucose-fructose linkage” and “glucose-alpha-1,5-fructose” herein refersto an alpha-1,5-glycosidic linkage between an alpha-D-glucose moleculeand a fructose molecule. An alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage hereinis comprised within a disaccharide or oligosaccharide in certainembodiments.

“Alpha-D-glucose” herein can also be referred to as “glucose”.

A disaccharide containing an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage isreferred to herein as leucrose. The terms “leucrose” and“D-glucopyranosyl-alpha(1-5)-D-fructopyranose” are used interchangeablyherein. Leucrose has the following structure:

The terms “alpha-glucosidase”, “alpha-1,4-glucosidase”, and“alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase” are used interchangeably herein.Alpha-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20) (“EC” refers to Enzyme Commissionnumber) have previously been recognized as enzymes that catalyzehydrolytic release of terminal, non-reducing (1,4)-linkedalpha-D-glucose residues from oligosaccharide (e.g., disaccharide) andpolysaccharide substrates. Alpha-glucosidases are now disclosed hereinto also have hydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkages, and hydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkages. Transglucosidase and glucoamylase enzymes areexamples of alpha-glucosidases with such activity.

The terms “transglucosidase” (TG), “transglucosidase enzyme”, and“1,4-alpha-glucan 6-alpha-glucosyltransferase” are used interchangeablyherein. Transglucosidases (EC 2.4.1.24) have previously been recognizedas D-glucosyltransferase enzymes that catalyze both hydrolytic andtransfer reactions on incubation with certainalpha-D-gluco-oligosaccharides. Transglucosidases are now disclosedherein to also have hydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkages, and hydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,3 andalpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages.

The terms “glucoamylase” (GA), “glucoamylase enzyme”, and“alpha-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase” are used interchangeably herein.Glucoamylases (EC 3.2.1.3) have previously been recognized as exo-actingenzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of both alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6glycosidic linkages from non-reducing ends of glucose-containing di-,oligo- and poly-saccharides. Glucoamylases are now disclosed herein toalso have hydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkages.

Enzymatic hydrolysis is a process in which an enzyme facilitates thecleavage of bonds in molecules with the addition of the elements ofwater. “Hydrolyzing”, “hydrolysis of”, or “hydrolytic activity toward”an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage herein refers to enzymatichydrolysis of the alpha-1,5 glycosidic linkage between glucose andfructose by an alpha-glucosidase such as a glucoamylase ortransglucosidase. Such hydrolysis occurs when contacting a disaccharideor oligosaccharide containing an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkagewith an alpha-glucosidase herein under suitable conditions. Thus, a“hydrolysis reaction” herein comprises at least (i) a disaccharide oroligosaccharide containing an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage, and(ii) an alpha-glucosidase.

The term “saccharification” herein refers to a process of breaking asaccharide (disaccharide or oligosaccharide) into its monosaccharidecomponents. A saccharide can be saccharified in a hydrolysis reactionherein.

“Suitable conditions” for contacting a saccharide (disaccharide oroligosaccharide) comprising at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkage with an alpha-glucosidase herein refer to those conditions(e.g., temperature, pH, time) that support the hydrolysis of one or morealpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages in the saccharide by thealpha-glucosidase. Suitable conditions can comprise “aqueousconditions”, for example, comprising at least 20 wt % water. Aqueousconditions may characterize a solution or mixture. The solution ormixture in which a saccharide comprising at least one alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkage is contacted with an alpha-glucosidase can bereferred to as an alpha-glucosidase reaction, for example (e.g., atransglucosidase or glucoamylase reaction).

An “immobilized” enzyme herein refers to an enzyme that is attached toan inert, insoluble material. Methods for preparing immobilized enzymesare disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,097, which isincorporated herein by reference.

The terms “glucan” and “glucan polymer” are used interchangeably hereinand refer to a polysaccharide of glucose monomers linked by glycosidicbonds. An “alpha-glucan” herein refers to a glucan polymer comprising atleast about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% alpha-glycosidiclinkages.

An “insoluble glucan” herein refers to a glucan polymer that is notsoluble in aqueous conditions. An example of insoluble glucan herein ispoly alpha-1,3-glucan with a DP of at least 8 or 9. Aglucosyltransferase reaction in certain embodiments as presentlydisclosed produces at least one insoluble glucan product.

The terms “soluble glucan”, “soluble alpha-glucan”, “soluble fiber”,“soluble glucan fiber”, “soluble dietary fiber” and the like are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to a glucan polymer that is soluble inaqueous conditions. Examples of soluble glucan herein are certainoligosaccharides, such as poly alpha-1,3-glucan with a DP less than 8,and certain oligosaccharides disclosed in the Examples provided below. Aglucosyltransferase reaction in certain embodiments as presentlydisclosed produces at least one soluble glucan product. Another set offeatures that characterizes soluble alpha-glucan compounds in certainembodiments herein is that they are (i) water-soluble glucose oligomershaving a degree of polymerization of 3 or more, (ii) digestion-resistant(i.e., exhibit very slow or no digestibility) with little or noabsorption in the human small intestine, and (iii) at least partiallyfermentable in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Digestibility of asoluble glucan fiber composition can be measured using AOAC method2009.01, for example.

The terms “poly alpha-1,3-glucan” and “alpha-1,3-glucan polymer” areused interchangeably herein. Poly alpha-1,3-glucan is a polymercomprising glucose monomeric units linked together by glycosidiclinkages, wherein at least about 50% of the glycosidic linkages arealpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages. The term “alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkage”as used herein refers to the type of covalent bond that joinsalpha-D-glucose molecules to each other through carbons 1 and 3 onadjacent alpha-D-glucose rings.

The “molecular weight” of a glucan herein can be represented asnumber-average molecular weight (M_(n)) or as weight-average molecularweight (M_(w)). Alternatively, molecular weight can be represented asDaltons, grams/mole, DP_(w) (weight average degree of polymerization),or DP_(n) (number average degree of polymerization). Various means areknown in the art for calculating these molecular weight measurementssuch as with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusionchromatography (SEC), or gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

The terms “glucosyltransferase enzyme”, “gtf enzyme”, “gtf enzymecatalyst”, “gtf”, “glucansucrase” and the like are used interchangeablyherein. The activity of a gtf enzyme herein catalyzes the reaction ofsucrose substrate to make the products glucan and fructose. Otherproducts (byproducts) of a gtf reaction can include glucose (resultsfrom when glucose is hydrolyzed from the glucosyl-gtf enzymeintermediate complex), various soluble oligosaccharides (e.g., DP2-DP7),and leucrose (results from when glucose of the glucosyl-gtf enzymeintermediate complex is linked to fructose). Wild type forms ofglucosyltransferase enzymes generally contain (in the N-terminal toC-terminal direction) a signal peptide, a variable domain, a catalyticdomain, and a glucan-binding domain. A glucosyltransferase herein isclassified under the glycoside hydrolase family 70 (GH70) according tothe CAZy (Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes) database (Cantarel et al.,Nucleic Acids Res. 37:D233-238, 2009).

The term “sucrose” herein refers to a non-reducing disaccharide composedof an alpha-D-glucose molecule and a beta-D-fructose molecule linked byan alpha-1,2-glycosidic bond. Sucrose is known commonly as table sugar.

The terms “glucan synthesis reaction”, “glucan reaction” “gtf reaction”and the like are used interchangeably herein and refer to a reactionthat is performed by a glucosyltransferase enzyme. A glucan synthesisreaction as used herein generally refers to a solution comprising atleast one active glucosyltransferase enzyme in a solution comprisingsucrose and water, and optionally other components. Other componentsthat can be in a glucan synthesis reaction herein include fructose,glucose, leucrose, soluble oligosaccharides (e.g., DP2-DP7), and solubleglucan product(s), for example. Also, one or more alpha-glucanohydrolaseenzymes can be comprised in a glucan synthesis reaction in some aspects.It would be understood that certain glucan products, such as polyalpha-1,3-glucan with a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least 8 or9, are water-insoluble and thus are not dissolved in a glucan synthesisreaction, but rather may be present out of solution.

The terms “alpha-glucanohydrolase” and “glucanohydrolase” are usedinterchangeably herein and refer to an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing analpha-glucan oligomer. An alpha-glucanohydrolase can be defined by itsendohydrolysis activity towards certain alpha-D-glycosidic linkages.Examples of alpha-glucanohydrolase enzymes herein include dextranases(EC 3.2.1.11; capable of endohydrolyzing alpha-1,6-linked glycosidicbonds), mutanases (EC 3.2.1.59; capable of endohydrolyzingalpha-1,3-linked glycosidic bonds), and alternanases (EC 3.2.1.-;capable of endohydrolytically cleaving alternan). Various factorsincluding, but not limited to, level of branching, the type ofbranching, and the relative branch length within certain alpha-glucansmay adversely impact the ability of an alpha-glucanohydrolase toendohydrolyze some glycosidic linkages.

The “percent dry solids” of a glucan synthesis reaction refers to the wt% of all the sugars in a glucan synthesis reaction. The percent drysolids of a gtf reaction can be calculated, for example, based on theamount of sucrose used to prepare the reaction.

A “fraction” of a glucan synthesis reaction herein refers to a liquidsolution portion of a glucan synthesis reaction. A fraction can be aportion of, or all of, the liquid solution from a glucan synthesisreaction, and has been separated from a soluble or insoluble glucanproduct synthesized in the reaction. A fraction can optionally bereferred to as a “mother liquor” in embodiments in which the product isan insoluble (solid) glucan product. An example of a fraction is afiltrate of a glucan synthesis reaction. Since a fraction can containdissolved sugars such as sucrose, fructose, glucose, leucrose, solubleoligosaccharides (e.g., DP2-DP7), a fraction can also be referred to asa “mixed sugar solution” derived from a glucan synthesis reaction. A“hydrolyzed fraction” herein refers to a fraction that has been treatedwith an alpha-glucosidase herein to hydrolyze leucrose and/oroligosaccharides present in the fraction.

The terms “filtrate”, “glucan reaction filtrate”, “glucan filtrate” andthe like are used interchangeably herein and refer to a fraction thathas been filtered away from a solid glucan product synthesized in aglucan synthesis reaction. A “hydrolyzed filtrate” herein refers to afiltrate that has been treated with an alpha-glucosidase herein tohydrolyze leucrose and/or oligosaccharides present in the filtrate.

The terms “percent by volume”, “volume percent”, “vol %”, “v/v %” andthe like are used interchangeably herein. The percent by volume of asolute in a solution can be determined using the formula: [(volume ofsolute)/(volume of solution)]×100%.

The terms “percent by weight”, “weight percentage (wt %)”,“weight-weight percentage (% w/w)” and the like are used interchangeablyherein. Percent by weight refers to the percentage of a material on amass basis as it is comprised in a composition, mixture, or solution.All percentages herein are weight percentages, unless otherwise noted.

As used herein, “polydispersity index”, “PDI”, “heterogeneity index”,“dispersity” and the like refer to a measure of the distribution ofmolecular mass in a given polymer (e.g., a glucose oligomer such as asoluble alpha-glucan) sample and can be calculated by dividing theweight average molecular weight by the number average molecular weight(PDI=M_(w)/M_(n)).

The terms “increased”, “enhanced” and “improved” are usedinterchangeably herein. These terms refer to a greater quantity oractivity such as a quantity or activity slightly greater than theoriginal quantity or activity, or a quantity or activity in large excesscompared to the original quantity or activity, and including allquantities or activities in between. Alternatively, these terms mayrefer to, for example, a quantity or activity that is at least 1%, 2%,3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 1%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%,19% or 20% more than the quantity or activity for which the increasedquantity or activity is being compared.

The terms “sequence identity” or “identity” as used herein with respectto polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences refer to the nucleic acidbases or amino acid residues in two sequences that are the same whenaligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window.Thus, “percentage of sequence identity” or “percent identity” refers tothe value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over acomparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide orpolypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions ordeletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which doesnot comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the twosequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number ofpositions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residueoccurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions,dividing the number of matched positions by the total number ofpositions in the window of comparison and multiplying the results by 100to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithm, which isavailable online at the National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI) website, may be used, for example, to measure percent identitybetween or among two or more of the polynucleotide sequences (BLASTNalgorithm) or polypeptide sequences (BLASTP algorithm) disclosed herein.Alternatively, percent identity between sequences may be performed usinga Clustal algorithm (e.g., ClustalW or ClustalV). For multiplealignments using a Clustal method of alignment, the default values maycorrespond to GAP PENALTY=10 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10. Defaultparameters for pairwise alignments and calculation of percent identityof protein sequences using a Clustal method may be KTUPLE=1, GAPPENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. For nucleic acids, theseparameters may be KTUPLE=2, GAP PENALTY=5, WINDOW=4 and DIAGONALSSAVED=4. Alternatively still, percent identity between sequences may beperformed using an EMBOSS algorithm (e.g., needle) with parameters suchas GAP OPEN=10, GAP EXTEND=0.5, END GAP PENALTY=false, END GAP OPEN=10,END GAP EXTEND=0.5 using a BLOSUM matrix (e.g., BLOSUM62).

Various polypeptide amino acid sequences are disclosed herein asfeatures of certain embodiments. Variants of these sequences that are atleast about 70-85%, 85-90%, or 90%-95% identical to the sequencesdisclosed herein can be used. Alternatively, a variant amino acidsequence can have at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%,79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity with a sequence disclosedherein. A variant amino acid sequence herein has the samefunction/activity of a disclosed sequence, or at least about 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% ofthe function/activity of a disclosed sequence.

The term “isolated” as used in certain embodiments refers to anycellular component that is completely separated from its native source(e.g., an isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide molecule). In someinstances, an isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide molecule is part ofa greater composition, buffer system or reagent mix. For example, theisolated polynucleotide or polypeptide molecule can be comprised withina cell or organism in a heterologous manner. Another example is anisolated alpha-glucosidase (e.g., glucoamylase, transglucosidase), orglucosyltransferase enzyme. The enzyme reactions (e.g.,alpha-glucosidase reaction, glucosyltransferase reaction) disclosedherein are synthetic, non-naturally occurring processes.

Embodiments of the disclosed invention concern a method of hydrolyzingan alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in a saccharide comprising atleast one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage. The saccharide is adisaccharide or oligosaccharide. This method comprises contacting thesaccharide with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under suitable conditions.In the contacting step, the alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes at leastone alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of the saccharide. Due to thishydrolysis, the amount of the saccharide is reduced compared to theamount of the saccharide that was present prior to the contacting step.Thus, this hydrolysis method can alternatively be referred to as amethod of reducing the amount of a saccharide in a composition.

Significantly, it is believed to be previously unknown thatalpha-glucosidase enzymes can hydrolyze alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkages. Alpha-glucosidase reactions following this hydrolysis methodcan thus be used to remove leucrose and other oligosaccharide byproductscontaining alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages from a glucan synthesisreaction and/or a fraction obtained therefrom. Such removal representsan improvement over chemical processes of byproduct removal, such asacid hydrolysis, which can result in degradation of glucan product.Finally, a glucan reaction fraction that is treated according to theabove hydrolysis method is better-suited for downstream applicationssuch as fermentation, for example, since the level of glucose andfructose monosaccharides is increased in the fraction. Monosaccharidesare generally more tractable for downstream processes compared toleucrose and oligosaccharide byproducts.

An alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) is used in embodiments herein tohydrolyze an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in a saccharidecomprising at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage.Alpha-glucosidase enzymes have previously been recognized to catalyzehydrolytic release of terminal, non-reducing (1,4)-linkedalpha-D-glucose residues from oligosaccharide (e.g., disaccharide) andpolysaccharide substrates. These enzymes are now disclosed herein toalso have hydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkages, for example.

An alpha-glucosidase can be from any source (e.g., plant, animal,microbe such as a bacteria or fungus/yeast), for example, such as thosesources disclosed below from which a transglucosidase and/orglucoamylase can be derived. For example, an alpha-glucosidase can be afungal alpha-glucosidase. Other examples of suitable alpha-glucosidasesherein include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,355,467, 5,922,580,5,795,766, 5,763,252, and 8,633,006, which are all incorporated hereinby reference.

An alpha-glucosidase enzyme in certain embodiments herein may comprisethe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18,20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or that of DIAZYME RDF ULTRA(DuPont Industrial Biosciences). Alternatively, an alpha-glucosidaseenzyme may comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:5,6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38,or to the amino acid sequence of DIAZYME RDF ULTRA, and have hydrolyticactivity toward alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages in saccharides.Several of the foregoing sequences, for example, are maturealpha-glucosidases that lack an N-terminal signal peptide. For suchsequences, it would be understood that an N-terminal start-methioninewould typically be added (if necessary) (directly or via an interveningheterologous amino acid sequence such as an epitope) if expressing itwithout using a signal peptide (such as with an expression system wherethe enzyme is expressed intracellularly and obtained from a celllysate).

A transglucosidase (EC 2.4.1.24; 1,4-alpha-glucan6-alpha-glucosyltransferase) can be used in certain embodiments hereinas an alpha-glucosidase to hydrolyze an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkage in a saccharide comprising at least one alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkage. This class of enzymes has previously beenrecognized as D-glucosyltransferase enzymes that catalyze hydrolytic andtransfer reactions on incubation with certainalpha-D-gluco-oligosaccharides. Transglucosidases as now disclosedherein also have hydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkages.

A transglucosidase enzyme herein may be derived from any microbialsource, such as a bacteria or fungus. Examples of fungaltransglucosidases include, but are not limited to, those of Trichodermaspecies (e.g., T. reesei), Aspergillus species and Neosartorya species(e.g., N. fischeri). Examples of Aspergillus species from which atransglucosidase may be derived include, but are not limited to, A.niger, A. awamori, A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. clavatus, A. fumigatus andA. nidulans. Other examples of transglucosidase enzymes useful hereinare described in Barker et al. (1953, J. Chem. Soc. 3588-3593); Pazur etal. (1986, Carbohydr. Res. 149:137-147), Nakamura et al. (1997, J.Biotechnol. 53:75-84), and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2008/0229514, allof which are incorporated herein by reference. Still other examples oftransglucosidase enzymes useful herein are those that are thermostable;U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,296, which is incorporated herein by reference,discloses a process for producing thermostable transglucosidase. Yetmore examples of transglucosidase enzymes useful herein may be any ofthose in the GENBANK database (NCBI), such as accession numbers: D45356(GID:2645159, A. niger), BAD06006.1 (GID:4031328, A. awamori),BAA08125.1 (GID:1054565, A. oryzae), XP_(—)001210809.1 (GID:115492363,A. terreus), XP_(—)001216899.1 (GID:115433524, A. terreus),XP_(—)001271891.1 (GID:121707620, A. clavatus), XP_(—)751811.1(GID:70993928, A. fumigatus), XP_(—)659621.1 (GID:67523121, A.nidulans), XP_(—)001266999.1 (GID:119500484, N. fischeri) andXP_(—)001258585.1 (GID:119473371, N. fischeri), which are allincorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, a transglucosidaseherein may have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% or 95%identical with the amino acid sequence of any of the foregoing disclosedtransglucosidase sequences, and have hydrolytic activity towardalpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages in saccharides. All of theforegoing transglucosidases, when used in a hydrolysis reaction herein,are preferably in a mature form lacking an N-terminal signal peptide.

A transglucosidase enzyme in certain embodiments herein may comprise theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 (Transglucosidase L-2000), which isan A. niger transglucosidase (U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2008/0229514).Alternatively, a transglucosidase may comprise an amino acid sequencethat is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or99% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 and have hydrolytic activity towardalpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages in saccharides. Any of SEQ ID NO:1or variants thereof can be produced following the disclosure of U.S.Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2008/0229514, for example, which is incorporatedherein by reference. SEQ ID NO:1 is a mature transglucosidase that lacksan N-terminal signal peptide. Since SEQ ID NO:1 does not begin with amethionine residue, it would be understood that an N-terminalstart-methionine would typically be added to SEQ ID NO:1 (directly orvia an intervening heterologous amino acid sequence such as an epitope)if expressing it without using a signal peptide (such as with anexpression system where the enzyme is expressed intracellularly andobtained from a cell lysate).

A glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3; alpha-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase) can be usedin certain embodiments herein as an alpha-glucosidase to hydrolyze analpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in a saccharide comprising at leastone alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage. This class of enzymes haspreviously been recognized as exo-acting enzymes that catalyzehydrolysis of both alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic linkages fromnon-reducing ends of glucose-containing di-, oligo- andpoly-saccharides. Glucoamylases as now disclosed herein also havehydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages. Incertain embodiments, an alpha-glucosidase is not a glucoamylase.

A glucoamylase enzyme herein may be derived from any microbial source,such as a bacteria or fungus. Examples of bacterial glucoamylasesinclude, but are not limited to, those of Bacillus species (e.g., B.alkalophilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. lentus, B. licheniformis, B.stearothermophilus, B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis) and Streptomycesspecies (e.g., S. lividans). Examples of fungal glucoamylases include,but are not limited to, those of Trichoderma species (e.g., T. reesei,T. longibrachiatum, T. strictipilis, T. asperellum, T. konilangbra, T.hazianum), Aspergillus species (e.g., A. niger, A. oryzae, A. terreus,A. clavatus, A. nidulans, A. kawachi, A. awamori), Rhizopus species(e.g., R. oryzae, R. niveus), Talaromyces species (e.g., T. emersonii,T. thermophilus, T. duponti), Mucor species, Hypocrea species (e.g., H.gelatinosa, H. orientalis, H. vinosa, H. citrina), Fusarium species(e.g., F. oxysporum, F. roseum, F. venenatum), Neurospora species (e.g.,N. crassa), Humicola species (e.g., H. grisea, H. insolens, H.lanuginose), Penicillium species (e.g., P. notatum, P. chrysogenum) andSaccharomycopsis species (e.g., S. fibuligera). Examples of thesebacterial and fungal glucoamylases for use herein are disclosed in U.S.Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2013/0102035, which is incorporated herein byreference. Other examples of glucoamylase enzymes useful herein aredescribed in Svensson et al. (1983, Carlsberg Res. Commun. 48:529-544),Boel et al. (1984, EMBO J. 3:1097-1102); Hayashida et al. (1989, Agric.Biol. Chem. 53:923-929); U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,941, U.S. Pat. No.4,794,175, U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,637, U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,084, U.S. Pat.No. 6,620,924, Ashikari et al. (1986, Agric. Biol. Chem. 50:957-964),Ashikari et al. (1989, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:129-133), U.S.Pat. No. 4,863,864; U.S. Pat. No. 4,618,579, Houghton-Larsen et al.(2003, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 62:210-217) and U.S. Pat. No.7,413,887, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.Alternatively, a glucoamylase herein may have an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% or 95% identical with the amino acid sequence ofany of the foregoing disclosed glucoamylase sequences, and havehydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages insaccharides. All of the foregoing glucoamylases, when used in ahydrolysis reaction herein, are preferably in a mature form lacking anN-terminal signal peptide. Commercially available glucoamylases usefulherein include OPTIDEX L-400, GC 147, GC 321, G ZYME G990 4X, OPTIMAX7525, DEXTROZYME, DISTILLASE and GLUCZYME, for example.

A glucoamylase enzyme in certain embodiments herein may comprise theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (GC 321), which is a T. reeseiglucoamylase. Alternatively, a glucoamylase may comprise an amino acidsequence that is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 and have hydrolytic activity towardalpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages in saccharides. Any of SEQ ID NO:2or variants thereof can be produced following the disclosures of U.S.Pat. No. 7,413,887 or U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2013/0102035, forexample, which are incorporated herein by reference. SEQ ID NO:2 is amature glucoamylase that lacks an N-terminal signal peptide. Since SEQID NO:2 does not begin with a methionine residue, it would be understoodthat an N-terminal start-methionine would typically be added to SEQ IDNO:2 (directly or via an intervening heterologous amino acid sequencesuch as an epitope) if expressing it without using a signal peptide(such as with an expression system where the enzyme is expressedintracellularly and obtained from a cell lysate).

An alpha-glucosidase enzyme herein such as a transglucosidase orglucoamylase may be from a commercial source (e.g., DuPont IndustrialBiosciences/Genencor, USA; Megazyme International, Ireland; Amano EnzymeInc., Japan). Alternatively, such an enzyme may be produced by any meansknown in the art, such as described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No.2008/0229514, U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,887 or U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No.2013/0102035, which are incorporated herein by reference. For example,an alpha-glucosidase may be produced recombinantly in a heterologousexpression system, such as a microbial or fungal heterologous expressionsystem. Examples of heterologous expression systems include bacterial(e.g., E. coli, Bacillus sp.) and eukaryotic systems. Eukaryotic systemscan employ yeast (e.g., Pichia sp., Saccharomyces sp.) or fungal (e.g.,Trichoderma sp. such as T. reesei, Aspergillus species such as A. niger)expression systems, for example. The transglucosidase of SEQ ID NO:1 andglucoamylase of SEQ ID NO:2, and variants thereof, can be expressed in aT. reesei host, for example.

An alpha-glucosidase enzyme when used in a hydrolysis reaction herein ispreferably in a mature form lacking an N-terminal signal peptide. Anexpression system for producing a mature alpha-glucosidase enzyme hereinmay employ an enzyme-encoding polynucleotide that further comprisessequence encoding an N-terminal signal peptide to direct extra-cellularsecretion. The signal peptide in such embodiments is cleaved from theenzyme during the secretion process. The signal peptide may either benative or heterologous to the transglucosidase or glucoamylase.Alternatively, an alpha-glucosidase enzyme in a mature form can beprovided by expressing it without using a signal peptide, such as withan expression system where the enzyme is expressed intracellularly andobtained from a cell lysate. In either scenario (secretion orintracellularly expressed), a heterologous amino acid sequence such asan epitope can optionally be included at the N-terminus of thealpha-glucosidase.

An alpha-glucosidase enzyme in certain embodiments may be provided in ahydrolysis reaction herein by direct use of a cell that expresses theenzyme(s). In other words, an alpha-glucosidase that is contacted with asaccharide can be present by virtue of its expression from a cell placedin the suitable conditions for hydrolysis. Such a cell could thus beused in place of adding an isolated alpha-glucosidase preparation to thehydrolysis reaction. A cell for this purpose can be a bacterial, yeast,or fungal cell, for example. Examples of yeast include those from thegenera Saccharomyces (e.g., S. cerevisiae), Kluyveromyces, Candida,Pichia, Schizosaccharomyces, Hansenula, Kloeckera, and Schwanniomyces.Other expression systems useful herein are disclosed in U.S. Patent.Appl. Publ. No. 2013/0323822, which is incorporated herein by reference.

A saccharide herein comprises at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkage. Thus, depending on the length of the saccharide, it may contain1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages, forexample. A saccharide preferably contains 1, 2, or 3 linkages of thistype.

Since a saccharide herein comprises at least one alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkage, the saccharide comprises at least one glucoseunit and at least one fructose unit. In certain embodiments, asaccharide herein comprises only glucose and fructose units. Such acomposition may characterize the disaccharide and oligosaccharidebyproducts of a glucan synthesis reaction. Alternatively, a saccharideherein may contain other monosaccharides in addition to glucose andfructose, such as galactose, ribose and xylose.

A saccharide hydrolyzed in certain embodiments of the disclosedinvention can be an oligosaccharide. An oligosaccharide herein can have,for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 monosaccharide units. As would beunderstood in the art, an oligosaccharide herein can be referenced withrespect to its degree of polymerization (DP) number, which specifies thenumber of monomeric units in the oligosaccharide. A DP3 oligosaccharidehas 3 monomeric units, for example. Thus, the oligosaccharide can be aDP3, DP4, DP5, DP6, DP7, DP8, or DP9 oligosaccharide, for example. TheDP of a saccharide in certain embodiments is 3 to 7 (i.e., DP 3-7).

An oligosaccharide herein with 3 or more monosaccharide units cancomprise other linkages in addition to at least one alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkage (note that an oligosaccharide with 2monosaccharide units—i.e., a disaccharide—is leucrose given that asaccharide in a hydrolysis method herein has at least one alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkage). For example, there may also be alpha-1,3,alpha-1,6, and/or alpha-1,4 linkages in the oligosaccharide, which arealso susceptible to hydrolysis by alpha-glucosidases as shown herein.

An oligosaccharide in certain embodiments comprises only glucosemonomers linked by alpha-1,3 and/or alpha-1,6 glycosidic linkages. Thus,such oligosaccharides comprise only alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucose and/oralpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages. Examples of such an oligosaccharidecontain only alpha-1,3 linkages or alpha-1,6 linkages. Anoligosaccharide can comprise at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% glucosyl-glucose linkages incertain embodiments. In other embodiments, there can be about 75-85%alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucose linkages and about 15-25% alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkages in oligosaccharides herein. Alternatively,oligosaccharides herein can comprise any percentage (any integer valuebetween 1% and 99%) of alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucose linkages and anypercentage (any integer value between 1% and 99%) of alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkages, just so long that the total of thesepercentages is not greater than 100%. Any of these oligosaccharides canbe in a fraction from a glucan synthesis reaction that produces (i) aninsoluble alpha-glucan (e.g., poly alpha-1,3-glucan), or (ii) a solublealpha-glucan product, for example. This linkage content can characterize(i) each oligosaccharide individually, or (ii) a group ofoligosaccharides (i.e., average linkage content). Oligosaccharidescomprising only glucose monomers linked by alpha-1,3 and/or alpha-1,6glycosidic linkages can be DP2-DP7, or DP3-DP7, for example. It shouldbe understood that the exact distribution of linkages inoligosaccharides can vary depending on the conditions of the glucansynthesis reaction (e.g., gtf enzyme) producing oligosaccharidebyproducts. It should further be understood that the exact linkagedistribution is not critical to the presently disclosed methods.

The Examples herein demonstrate that alpha-glucosidases (e.g.,transglucosidase and glucoamylase enzymes) can hydrolyze both (i)leucrose, which comprises an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage, and(ii) oligosaccharides comprising only alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucose and/oralpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages. Therefore, an alpha-glucosidase canbe used, for example, in a reaction for hydrolyzing alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkages, alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucose linkages and/oralpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages.

At least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in a saccharide hereincan be hydrolyzed by an alpha-glucosidase herein. Alternatively, it isbelieved that 2, 3, 4, 5, or more alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkagesin a saccharide can be hydrolyzed by an alpha-glucosidase, for example.Hydrolysis of at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage can occurat the non-reducing-end of the saccharide in certain embodiments. Forexample, where the saccharide is the disaccharide, leucrose, thenon-reducing end glucose is cleaved from fructose yielding free glucoseand fructose. As another example, where the saccharide is anoligosaccharide with a non-reducing end glucose that is alpha-1,5-linkedto fructose, it is believed that this glucose can be cleaved off,leaving a fructose residue at the non-reducing end of theoligosaccharide.

The amount of a saccharide is reduced in the disclosed hydrolysis methodcompared to the amount of the saccharide that was present prior to thecontacting step. This reduction results from hydrolytic cleavage of atleast one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in the saccharide. Theamount (e.g., concentration) of a saccharide after the contacting stepin a hydrolysis method herein can be less than about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%,10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% (or any integer valuebetween 1% and 90%) of the amount of the saccharide that was presentprior to the contacting step (prior to contacting an alpha-glucosidaseherein with a saccharide under suitable conditions).

A saccharide hydrolyzed in certain embodiments of the disclosedinvention is leucrose, which is a disaccharide with an alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkage. The concentration of leucrose after thecontacting step in a hydrolysis method herein can be less than about 1%,2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% (or anyinteger value between 1% and 90%) of the concentration of leucrose thatwas present prior to the contacting step (prior to contacting analpha-glucosidase herein with leucrose under suitable conditions). Ahydrolysis method in some aspects herein can alternatively be referredto as a method of reducing the amount of a leucrose in a composition.

Leucrose can be contacted with a transglucosidase such as one comprisingSEQ ID NO:1 (Transglucosidase L-2000), for example, in a hydrolysismethod herein. The concentration of leucrose after completing such amethod can be less than about 1-3% of the original leucroseconcentration in certain embodiments.

The amount of a saccharide is reduced in the disclosed hydrolysis methodcompared to the amount of the saccharide that was present prior to thecontacting step. It would be understood that such a comparison can bemade in any number of ways. For example, the saccharide concentrationcan be measured both before and after performing the hydrolysis method.Alternatively, the comparison can be made with respect to a controlreaction having the same conditions, except that no alpha-glucosidase aspresently disclosed is added to the control reaction.

An alpha-glucosidase in certain embodiments herein may be immobilized.The enzyme may be immobilized using any method and/or means known in theart, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,097 and 4,713,333,both of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, one ormore enzymes can be immobilized by contacting the enzyme(s) with asolution of an amine-reactive material (e.g., glutaraldehyde) to form anadduct (e.g., enzyme-glutaraldehyde adduct), after which the adduct isbonded to a solid carrier that has been treated with a polyamine (e.g.,a polyethylenimine such as EPOMIN P-1050).

A solid carrier (solid support) to which an alpha-glucosidase enzyme canbe immobilized in certain embodiments can be an inorganic or organicmaterial. Such materials include, for example, gamma-alumina, titania,activated granular carbon, granular diatomaceous earth, glass beads,porous glass, pumice-stone, silica gel, metal oxide and aluminum oxide.

A polyamine can be used to treat a solid carrier such that subsequentexposure of the solid carrier to an adduct comprising an enzyme andamine-reactive material leads to attachment of the enzyme to the solidcarrier. Examples of polyamines useful herein includepolyethylenediamine, a polyethylenimine (e.g., polydiethylenetriamine,polytriethylenetetramine, polypentaethylenehexamine,polyhexamethylenediamine), polymethylenedicyclohexylamine,polymethylenedianiline, polytetraethylenepentamine, polyphenylenediamineand blends of two or more of these polyamine compounds. Preferredpolyamines are water-soluble and/or have a molecular weight of aboutfrom 500 to 100,000 Daltons. A polyethylenimine such as EPOMIN P-1050can be used in certain embodiments.

An amine-reactive material useful for preparing an adduct comprising anenzyme herein can be, for example, an aldehyde, organic halide,anhydride, azo compound, isothiocyanate, and/or isocyanate. Examples ofthese amine-reactive materials include glutaraldehyde, succindialdehyde,terephthaldehyde, bis-diazobenzidine-2,2′-disulfonic acid,4,4′-difluoro-3,3′-dinitrodiphenylsulfone,diphenyl-4,4′-dithiocyanate-2,2′-disulfonic acid,3-methoxydiphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate,toluene-2-isocyanate-4-isothiocyanate, toluene-2,-4-diisothiocyanate,diazobenzidine, diazobenzidine-3,3′-dianisidine, N,N′-hexamethylenebisiodoacetamide, hexamethylene diisocyanate, cyanuric chloride, and/or1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Preferably, the amine-reactive materialis an aldehyde such as glutaraldehyde.

An alpha-glucosidase enzyme adducted with an amine-reactive compound canbe contacted with a polyamine-treated solid carrier, therebyimmobilizing the enzyme onto the solid carrier. An immobilized enzymeherein can be employed in various reactor systems, such as in a column(e.g., packed column) or stirred tank reactor, for performing hydrolysisreaction as disclosed herein.

Suitable conditions for contacting a saccharide herein with analpha-glucosidase herein (e.g., transglucosidase or glucoamylase) arethose conditions that support the hydrolysis of one or more alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkages in the saccharide by the alpha-glucosidase.Examples of suitable conditions are disclosed in the below Examples.Conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, time) for contacting analpha-glucosidase herein with a sugar substrate are also disclosed inU.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2008/0229514, U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,887 and U.S.Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2013/0102035 (all of which are incorporated hereinby reference), and may also be applicable to the disclosed hydrolysismethod.

The disaccharides and oligosaccharides in the disclosed hydrolysismethod are typically soluble in water or an aqueous solution. Thus,contacting a saccharide herein with an alpha-glucosidase is preferablyperformed under suitable conditions that are aqueous, in which thesaccharide is dissolved. Aqueous conditions can characterize a solutionor mixture comprising at least about 20 wt % water. Alternatively,aqueous conditions herein are at least about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,85, 90, or 95 wt % water (or any integer value between and 95 wt %), forexample. Aqueous conditions can further comprise a buffer, for example,such as an acidic, neutral, or alkaline buffer, at a suitableconcentration and selected based on the pH range provided by the buffer.Examples of buffers/buffering agents include citrate, acetate (e.g.,sodium acetate), KH₂PO₄, MOPS, CHES, borate, sodium carbonate, andsodium bicarbonate.

The pH of a hydrolysis reaction herein can be about 3.0 to 9.0, forexample. Hydrolysis reaction pH can be, for example, about 3.0, 3.5,4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, or 9.0. Alternatively,the pH can be about 4-5. Techniques for setting pH include the use ofbuffers, alkalis, and/or acids, for example, and are well known in theart.

The temperature of a hydrolysis reaction herein can be about 20° C. toabout 80° C., for example. Hydrolysis reaction temperature can be, forexample, about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80° C. (or any integer valuebetween 20 and 80° C.). A hydrolysis temperature of about 60° C., 65°C., or 60-65° C. is preferred in certain embodiments.

A hydrolysis reaction herein can be performed for a period of at leastabout 10 minutes to about 90 hours, for example. The time of ahydrolysis reaction can be, for example, at least about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4,8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, 84, or 90 hours(or any integer value between 0.5 and 72 hours). In certain embodiments,such as for hydrolyzing leucrose, a hydrolysis reaction can be performedin less than 4 hours (e.g., 0.5-4 hours) for example. The time periodrequired to achieve a desired level of hydrolysis will vary on the exactconditions used, and would be understood by one skilled in the art. Forexample, increasing the amount of enzyme added to a reaction orimmobilized on a solid support used in a reaction will reduce thecontact time.

One or more of alpha-glucosidase enzymes herein may be used in ahydrolysis reaction in certain embodiments. Both a transglucosidase andglucoamylase can be used in a reaction, for example. The amount of analpha-glucosidase in a hydrolysis reaction herein can be plus/minus 10%to 20% (or 5% to 10%) from any of the amounts used in the Examples below(e.g., Example 2), for example. Alternatively, about 0.1-0.5 vol % or0.1-1.0 vol % of alpha-glucosidase can be used in a hydrolysis reaction.Alternatively still, an alpha-glucosidase herein can be used at about,or at least about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15ppm in a hydrolysis reaction. A transglucosidase unit (TGU) can bedefined as the amount of a transglucosidase enzyme that will produce onemicromole of panose per minute under the conditions of the followingassay, for example. Transglucosidase activity can be assayed as follows,for example: a transglucosidase is brought up in 100 mM sodium acetatebuffer, pH 4.5, containing 4 mM para-nitrophenyl-alpha-glucoside and 1mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA). After 30 min incubation at 30° C., thereaction is terminated by the addition of an equal volume 1 M sodiumcarbonate and OD₄₀₅ is recorded. A glucoamylase unit (GAU) can bedefined, for example, as the amount of glucoamylase enzyme that willproduce 1 g of reducing sugar calculated as glucose per hour from asoluble starch substrate (4% DS [degree of substitution]) at pH 4.2 and60° C.

The initial concentration of a saccharide in a hydrolysis reaction incertain embodiments of the disclosed invention can be about 1 wt % to 50wt %, for example. For example, the concentration of leucrose can beabout 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 wt % (or any integer valuebetween 5 and 40 wt %). As another example, the concentration of one ormore oligosaccharides (e.g., DP2, DP3, DP4, DP2-DP7, DP3-DP7) in ahydrolysis reaction herein can be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 wt %. Those skilled in the art would recognizethat the concentration of total sugars (which includes disaccharides andoligosaccharides) can have an impact on the activity ofalpha-glucosidase enzymes; preferred concentrations of total sugars in ahydrolysis reaction to maximize enzyme activity can be less than 50 wt %dry solids (DS), with a most preferred concentration of 20-35 wt % DS insome aspects.

Suitable conditions in certain embodiments for contacting a saccharidewith an alpha-glucosidase herein can comprise (i) a glucan synthesisreaction, or (ii) a fraction obtained from a glucan synthesis reaction,where the saccharide is a byproduct of the glucan synthesis reaction. Inother words, a hydrolysis reaction herein may be conducted in thecontext of a glucan synthesis reaction or a fraction of a glucansynthesis reaction, though it is typically conducted in the latter. Aglucan synthesis reaction herein can produce one or more insolubleand/or soluble alpha-glucan products, for example. Thus, a glucansynthesis reaction can be characterized in some embodiments herein as an“alpha-glucan synthesis reaction”.

A glucan synthesis reaction generally refers to a solution comprising atleast sucrose, water and one active glucosyltransferase enzyme, andoptionally other components. Other components that can be in a glucansynthesis reaction include fructose, glucose, leucrose, solubleoligosaccharides (e.g., DP2-DP7), and soluble glucan product(s). Also,one or more alpha-glucanohydrolase enzymes can be comprised in a glucansynthesis reaction in some aspects. It would be understood that certainglucan products, such as poly alpha-1,3-glucan with a DP of at least 8or 9, may be water-insoluble and thus are not dissolved in a glucansynthesis reaction, but rather may be present out of solution. Thus, aglucan produced by glucan synthesis reaction herein can be insoluble. Analpha-glucosidase enzyme herein can be added to a glucan synthesisreaction at any stage thereof, such as during initial preparation of thereaction or when the reaction is near (e.g., 80 to 90% complete) or atcompletion, where the latter two time points are preferred.

A glucan synthesis reaction herein may be one that, in addition toproducing a glucan product, produces byproducts such as leucrose and/orsoluble oligosaccharides. A glucan in some aspects is a polyalpha-glucan. Thus, a glucan synthesis reaction herein can be forproducing poly alpha-1,3-glucan or mutan, for example, which aretypically co-produced with at least leucrose and/or oligosaccharidebyproducts in a glucan synthesis reaction.

A glucan synthesis reaction in certain embodiments comprises aglucosyltransferase enzyme that produces a poly alpha-glucan such aspoly alpha-1,3-glucan. Examples of such glucosyltransferase enzymesuseful herein are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,000,000, and U.S. Pat.Appl. Publ. Nos. 2013/0244288, 2013/0244287 and 2014/0087431 (all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

A glucosyltransferase enzyme herein may be derived from any microbialsource, such as a bacteria or fungus. Examples of bacterialglucosyltransferase enzymes are those derived from a Streptococcusspecies, Leuconostoc species or Lactobacillus species. Examples ofStreptococcus species include S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, S.dentirousetti, S. downei, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. gallolyticus and S.sanguinis. Examples of Leuconostoc species include L. mesenteroides, L.amelibiosum, L. argentinum, L. camosum, L. citreum, L. cremoris, L.dextranicum and L. fructosum. Examples of Lactobacillus species includeL. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus, L. salivarius, L. casei,L. curvatus, L. plantarum, L. sakei, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L.fermentum and L. reuteri.

A glucosyltransferase enzyme herein can be primer-independent orprimer-dependent. Primer-independent glucosyltransferase enzymes do notrequire the presence of a primer to perform glucan synthesis. Aprimer-dependent glucosyltransferase enzyme requires the presence of aninitiating molecule in the reaction solution to act as a primer for theenzyme during glucan polymer synthesis. The term “primer” as used hereinrefers to any molecule that can act as the initiator for aglucosyltransferase enzyme. Primers that can be used in certainembodiments include dextran and other carbohydrate-based primers, suchas hydrolyzed glucan, for example. U.S. Appl. Publ. No. 2013/0244287,which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses preparation ofhydrolyzed glucan using poly alpha-1,3-glucan as the starting material.Dextran for use as a primer can be dextran T10 (i.e., dextran having amolecular weight of 10 kD), for example.

A glucosyltransferase enzyme for a glucan synthesis reaction herein maybe produced by any means known in the art. For example, aglucosyltransferase enzyme may be produced recombinantly in aheterologous expression system, such as a microbial heterologousexpression system. Examples of heterologous expression systems includebacterial (e.g., E. co/i such as TOP10 or MG1655; Bacillus sp.) andeukaryotic (e.g., yeasts such as Pichia sp. and Saccharomyces sp.)expression systems.

A glucosyltransferase enzyme described herein may be used in anypurification state (e.g., pure or non-pure). For example, aglucosyltransferase enzyme may be purified and/or isolated prior to itsuse. Examples of glucosyltransferase enzymes that are non-pure includethose in the form of a cell lysate. A cell lysate or extract may beprepared from a bacteria (e.g., E. coli) used to heterologously expressthe enzyme. For example, the bacteria may be subjected to disruptionusing a French pressure cell. In alternative embodiments, bacteria maybe homogenized with a homogenizer (e.g., APV, Rannie, Gaulin). Aglucosyltransferase enzyme is typically soluble in these types ofpreparations. A bacterial cell lysate, extract, or homogenate herein maybe used at about 0.15-0.3% (v/v), for example, in a reaction solutionfor producing a poly alpha-glucan such as poly alpha-1,3-glucan fromsucrose.

The temperature of a glucan synthesis reaction herein can be controlled,if desired. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the reaction isbetween about 5° C. to about 50° C. The temperature in certain otherembodiments is between about 20° C. to about 40° C.

The initial concentration of sucrose in a glucan synthesis reactionherein can be about 20 g/L to about 400 g/L, for example. Alternatively,the initial concentration of sucrose can be about 75 g/L to about 175g/L, or from about 50 g/L to about 150 g/L. Alternatively still, theinitial concentration of sucrose can be about 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, or 160 g/L (or any integer value between40 and 160 g/L), for example. “Initial concentration of sucrose” refersto the sucrose concentration in a gtf reaction solution just after allthe reaction solution components have been added (at least water,sucrose, gtf enzyme).

Sucrose used in a glucan synthesis reaction herein can be highly pure(≧99.5%) or be of any other purity or grade. For example, sucrose canhave a purity of at least 99.0%, or can be reagent grade sucrose. Asanother example, incompletely refined sucrose can be used. Incompletelyrefined sucrose herein refers to sucrose that has not been processed towhite refined sucrose. Thus, incompletely refined sucrose can becompletely unrefined or partially refined. Examples of unrefined sucroseare “raw sucrose” (“raw sugar”) and solutions thereof. Examples ofpartially refined sucrose have not gone through one, two, three, or morecrystallization steps. The ICUMSA (International Commission for UniformMethods of Sugar Analysis) of incompletely refined sucrose herein can begreater than 150, for example. Sucrose herein may be derived from anyrenewable sugar source such as sugar cane, sugar beets, cassava, sweetsorghum, or corn. Suitable forms of sucrose useful herein arecrystalline form or non-crystalline form (e.g., syrup, cane juice, beetjuice), for example. Additional suitable forms of incompletely refinedsucrose are disclosed in U.S. Appl. No. 61/969,958.

Methods of determining ICUMSA values for sucrose are well known in theart and disclosed by the International Commission for Uniform Methods ofSugar Analysis in ICUMSA Methods of Sugar Analysis: Official andTentative Methods Recommended by the International Commission forUniform Methods of Suaar Analysis (ICUMSA) (Ed. H. C. S. de Whalley,Elsevier Pub. Co., 1964), for example, which is incorporated herein byreference. ICUMSA can be measured, for example, by ICUMSA Method GS1/3-7as described by R. J. McCowage, R. M. Urquhart and M. L. Burge(Determination of the Solution Colour of Raw Sugars, Brown Sugars andColoured Syrups at pH 7.0—Official, Vedrag Dr Albert Bartens, 2011revision), which is incorporated herein by reference.

The pH of a glucan synthesis reaction in certain embodiments can bebetween about 4.0 to about 8.0. Alternatively, the pH can be about 4.0,4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, or 8.0. The pH can be adjusted orcontrolled by the addition or incorporation of a suitable buffer,including but not limited to: phosphate, tris, citrate, or a combinationthereof. Buffer concentration in a glucan synthesis reaction can be from0 mM to about 100 mM, or about 10, 20, or 50 mM, for example.

Poly alpha-1,3-glucan produced in a glucan synthesis reaction herein mayhave at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% (or any integer value between 50% and 100%) glycosidic linkagesthat are alpha-1,3. In such embodiments, accordingly, the polyalpha-1,3-glucan has less than about 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%,3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% (or any integer value between 0% and 50%) ofglycosidic linkages that are not alpha-1,3.

Poly alpha-1,3-glucan herein preferably has a backbone that islinear/unbranched. In certain embodiments, the poly alpha-1,3-glucan hasno branch points or less than about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%,or 1% branch points as a percent of the glycosidic linkages in thepolymer. Examples of branch points include alpha-1,6 branch points.

The molecular weight of poly alpha-1,3-glucan produced in a glucansynthesis reaction herein can be measured as number-average molecularweight (M_(n)) or weight-average molecular weight (M_(w)).Alternatively, molecular weight can be measured in Daltons orgrams/mole. It may also be useful to refer to the DP, (weight averagedegree of polymerization) or DP_(n) (number average degree ofpolymerization) of the poly alpha-1,3-glucan polymer.

The M_(n) or M_(w) of poly alpha-1,3-glucan herein may be at least about1000. Alternatively, the M_(n) or M_(w) can be at least about 1000 toabout 600000 (or any integer value between 1000 and 600000), forexample. Alternatively still, poly alpha-1,3-glucan in can have amolecular weight in DP_(n) or DP_(w) of at least about 100, or of atleast about 100 to 1000 (or any integer value between 100 and 1000).

A fraction of a glucan synthesis reaction may constitute suitableconditions for contacting a saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase aspresently disclosed. A fraction can be a portion of, or all of, theliquid solution from a glucan synthesis reaction. Typically, a fractionhas been separated from soluble or insoluble glucan product(s)synthesized in the reaction. For example, a fraction can be separatedfrom one or more glucan products that are insoluble in water (e.g., polyalpha-1,3-glucan) which fall out of solution during their synthesis. Afraction in certain preferred embodiments of the present disclosure isfrom a poly alpha-1,3-glucan synthesis reaction.

The volume of a fraction (before optionally diluting or concentratingthe fraction, see below) in certain embodiments can be at least about10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% (or any integer valuebetween 10% and 90%) of the volume of the glucan synthesis reaction fromwhich it is obtained. Typically, in glucan synthesis reactions producingan insoluble glucan (e.g., poly alpha-1,3-glucan), the fraction will bea portion of (not all of) the liquid solution component of the reaction.A fraction can be obtained at any stage of a glucan synthesis reaction,but is preferably obtained near (e.g., greater than 80 or 90% complete)or after completion of the reaction.

Examples of a fraction of a glucan synthesis reaction in certainembodiments include filtrates and supernatants. Thus, in thoseembodiments in which an insoluble glucan product is synthesized, afraction herein can be obtained (separated) from a glucan synthesisreaction using a funnel, filter (e.g., press filter), centrifuge, or anyother method or equipment known in the art that allows removal of someor all liquids from solids. Filtration can be by gravity, vacuum, orpress filtration, for example. Filtration preferably removes all or mostof an insoluble glucan; any filter material (e.g., filter paper) with anaverage pore size (e.g., ˜40-50 micron) sufficient to remove solids fromliquids can be used. A fraction typically retains all or most of itsdissolved components, such as byproducts of the glucan synthesisreaction. Leucrose is a preferred saccharide in a filtrate herein.

A fraction herein can optionally be diluted or concentrated, if desired.Concentration of a fraction can be performed using any other method orequipment known in the art suitable for concentrating a solution. Forexample, a fraction can be concentrated by evaporation, such as with arotary evaporator (e.g., set at a temperature of about 40-50° C.). Afraction in some aspects herein can be concentrated down to a volumethat is about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the original fractionvolume. A concentrated fraction (e.g., concentrated filtrate) canoptionally be referred to as a syrup.

A fraction in some aspects can comprise water that replaces the waterthat was present in the composition from which the fraction wasobtained. For example, saccharide byproduct(s) from a glucan synthesisreaction can be separated in certain chromatographic methods in whichthe original solvent is replaced with another solvent (e.g., saccharidebyproducts that are bound to a column [thus removed from the originalsolvent] can be eluted into a new solvent).

A fraction in some aspects may be treated in a manner to have any of thesuitable conditions (e.g., temperature, pH and time) disclosed above forcontacting a saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase. For example, afraction can be modified to have a pH of about 4 to 5 before analpha-glucosidase is added to the fraction. As another example, thetemperature of a hydrolysis reaction with a fraction can be about 55-65°C. (e.g., about 60° C.). A fraction that has been concentrated down to asyrup can be used in a hydrolysis reaction in yet another example.

A fraction in certain preferred embodiments herein is from a polyalpha-1,3-glucan synthesis reaction; such a fraction is preferably afiltrate. A fraction of a poly alpha-1,3-glucan synthesis reactionherein comprises at least water, fructose and one or more types ofsaccharide (leucrose and/or oligosaccharides such as DP2-DP7). Othercomponents that may be in this type of fraction include sucrose (i.e.,residual sucrose not consumed in the gtf reaction), one or more gtfenzymes, glucose, buffer, salts, FermaSure®, borates, sodium hydroxide,hydrochloric acid, cell lysate components, proteins and/or nucleicacids, for example. Minimally, the components of a fraction from a polyalpha-1,3-glucan synthesis reaction include water, fructose, glucose,one or more types of saccharide (leucrose and/or oligosaccharides suchas DP2-DP7), and optionally sucrose, for example. It would be understoodthat the composition of a fraction depends, in part, on the conditionsof the glucan synthesis reaction from which the fraction is obtained. Inthose fractions containing one or more gtf enzymes, it is preferablethat such one or more gtf enzymes are deactivated (e.g.,heat-deactivated) before using the fraction in a hydrolysis reactionherein.

It should be understood that the exact distribution of sugar byproductsproduced via polymerization of sucrose in a glucan synthesis reactioncan vary based on the reaction conditions and gtf enzyme used,especially on temperature and sucrose concentration. It should also beunderstood that the exact composition of sugars in a fraction of aglucan synthesis reaction is not critical to the disclosed hydrolysisprocess. Generally, as the amount of sucrose is increased, theselectivity of the reaction towards both leucrose and oligosaccharideswill increase. Conversely, as the temperature increases, the selectivityof the reaction towards leucrose tends to decrease, while theselectivity towards oligosaccharides is largely unaffected. It shouldalso be understood that the ratio of sugars to water, i.e., wt % drysolids (DS), which is calculated by dividing the mass of sugar to totalsolution weight, can be adjusted either by evaporating water, preferablyat temperatures below 50° C. under vacuum, or addition of water, withoutsignificant impact to the relative distribution of sugars in a fractionof a glucan synthesis reaction. It is also possible to increase thepercentage of sucrose in a fraction by stopping the gtf reaction beforecomplete conversion (to glucan) is achieved, either by reducing the pHbelow the active range for the gtf enzyme or by thermal deactivation ofthe gtf enzyme.

In certain embodiments, a glucan synthesis reaction herein can produceone or more soluble alpha-glucan products. A soluble alpha-glucanproduct (“soluble fiber”, alternatively) can be (i) a direct product ofa glucosyltransferase, or (ii) a product of the concerted action of botha glucosyltransferase and an alpha-glucanohydrolase capable ofhydrolyzing glucan polymers having one or more alpha-1,3-glycosidiclinkages or one or more alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages.

A soluble alpha-glucan herein can comprise, for example:

a) at least 75% alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages;

b) less than 25% alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages;

c) less than 10% alpha-1,3,6-glycosidic linkages;

d) an M_(w) of less than 5000 Daltons;

e) a viscosity of less than 0.25 Pascal second (Pa·s) at 12 wt % inwater at 20° C.;

f) a dextrose equivalence (DE) in the range of 4 to 40;

g) a digestibility of less than 10% as measured by the Association ofAnalytical Communities (AOAC) method 2009.01;

h) a solubility of at least 20% (w/w) in pH 7 water at 25° C.; and

i) a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 5.

Such a soluble alpha-glucan can be produced as disclosed in U.S. Appl.No. 62/004,290.

As an example, a soluble alpha-glucan fiber composition can comprise atleast 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, evenmore preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%alpha-(1,3) glycosidic linkages.

As another example, in addition to the alpha-(1,3) glycosidic linkageembodiments described above, a soluble alpha-glucan fiber compositioncan further comprise less than 25%, preferably less than 10%, morepreferably 5% or less, and even more preferably less than 1% alpha-(1,6)glycosidic linkages.

As another example, in addition to the alpha-(1,3) and alpha-(1,6)glycosidic linkage content embodiments described above, a solublealpha-glucan fiber composition can further comprise less than 10%,preferably less than 5%, and most preferably less than 2.5%alpha-(1,3,6) glycosidic linkages.

As another example, a soluble alpha-glucan fiber composition cancomprise 93 to 97% alpha-(1,3) glycosidic linkages and less than 3%alpha-(1,6) glycosidic linkages and has a weight-average molecularweight corresponding to a DP of 3 to 7 mixture. In a further embodiment,a soluble alpha-glucan fiber composition can comprise about 95%alpha-(1,3) glycosidic linkages and about 1% alpha-(1,6) glycosidiclinkages and has a weight-average molecular weight corresponding to a DPof 3 to 7 mixture. In a further aspect of the above embodiment, asoluble alpha-glucan fiber composition can further comprise 1 to 3%alpha-(1,3,6) linkages or preferably about 2% alpha-(1,3,6) linkages.

As another example, in addition to the above-mentioned glycosidiclinkage content embodiments, a soluble alpha-glucan fiber compositioncan further comprise less than 5%, preferably less than 1%, and mostpreferably less than 0.5% alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages.

As another example, in addition the above-mentioned glycosidic linkagecontent embodiments, a soluble alpha-glucan fiber composition cancomprise a weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) of less than 5000Daltons, preferably less than 2500 Daltons, more preferably between 500and 2500 Daltons, and most preferably about 500 to about 2000 Daltons.

As another example, in addition to any of the above features, a solublealpha-glucan fiber composition can comprise a viscosity of less than 250centipoise (0.25 Pa·s), preferably less than 10 cP (0.01 Pa·s),preferably less than 7 cP (0.007 Pa·s), more preferably less than 5 cP(0.005 Pa·s), more preferably less than 4 cP (0.004 Pa·s), and mostpreferably less than 3 cP (0.003 Pa·s) at 12 wt % in water at 20° C.

A soluble alpha-glucan fiber composition can have, in certainembodiments, a digestibility of less than 10%, or preferably less than9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% digestibility as measured by theAssociation of Analytical Communities (AOAC) method 2009.01. In anotheraspect, the relative level of digestibility may alternatively bedetermined using AOAC 2011.25 (Integrated Total Dietary Fiber Assay)(McCleary et al., 2012, J. AOAC Int., 95 (3), 824-844).

In addition to any of the above embodiments, a soluble alpha-glucanfiber composition can have a solubility of at least 20% (w/w),preferably at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70% in pH 7 water at 25° C.

In one embodiment, a soluble alpha-glucan fiber composition can comprisea reducing sugar content of less than 10 wt %, preferably less than 5 wt%, and most preferably 1 wt % or less.

In one embodiment, a soluble alpha-glucan fiber composition can comprisea caloric content of less than 4 kcal/g, preferably less than 3 kcal/g,more preferably less than 2.5 kcal/g, and most preferably about 2 kcal/gor less.

As another example, a soluble alpha-glucan herein can comprise:

a) 10% to 30% alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages;

b) 65% to 87% alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages;

c) less than 5% alpha-1,3,6-glycosidic linkages;

d) a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of less than 5000 Daltons;

e) a viscosity of less than 0.25 Pascal second (Pa·s) at 12 wt % inwater at 20° C.;

f) a dextrose equivalence (DE) in the range of 4 to 40, preferably 10 to40;

g) a digestibility of less than 10% as measured by the Association ofAnalytical Communities (AOAC) method 2009.01;

-   -   h) a solubility of at least 20% (w/w) in pH 7 water at 25° C.;        and    -   i) a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 5.

Such a soluble alpha-glucan can be produced as disclosed in U.S. Appl.No. 62/004,308.

As another example, a soluble alpha-glucan herein can comprise:

a) 25-35 alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages;

b) 55-75% alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages;

c) 5-15% alpha-1,3,6-glycosidic linkages;

d) a weight average molecular weight of less than 5000 Daltons;

e) a viscosity of less than 0.25 Pascal second (Pa·s) at 12 wt % inwater at 20° C.;

f) a dextrose equivalence (DE) in the range of 4 to 40;

g) a digestibility of less than 10% as measured by the Association ofAnalytical Communities (AOAC) method 2009.01;

h) a solubility of at least 20% (w/w) in water at 25° C.; and

i) a polydispersity index of less than 5.

Such a soluble alpha-glucan can be produced as disclosed in U.S. Appl.No. 62/004,312.

As another example, a soluble alpha-glucan herein can comprise:

a) at least 95% alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages;

b) 1% or less alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages;

c) less than 2% alpha-1,3,6-glycosidic linkages;

d) less than 1.5% alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages;

e) a weight average molecular weight of less than 20000 Daltons;

f) a viscosity of less than 0.25 Pascal second (Pa·s) at 12 wt % inwater at 20° C.;

g) a dextrose equivalence (DE) in the range of 1 to 30;

h) a digestibility of less than 10% as measured by the Association ofAnalytical Communities (AOAC) method 2009.01;

i) a solubility of at least 20% (w/w) in pH 7 water at 25° C.; and

j) a polydispersity index of less than 5.

Such a soluble alpha-glucan can be produced as disclosed in U.S. Appl.No. 62/004,314.

As another example, a soluble alpha-glucan herein can comprise:

a) a range of:

-   -   i) 1% to 50% of alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages; or    -   ii) greater than 10% but less than 40% alpha-1,4-glycosidic        linkages; or    -   iii) any combination of i) and ii);

b) 1 to 50% alpha-1,2-glycosidic linkages;

c) 0-25% alpha-1,3,6-glycosidic linkages;

d) less than 98% alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages;

e) a weight average molecular weight of less than 300 kDa;

f) a viscosity of less than 0.25 Pascal second (Pa·s) at 12 wt % inwater at 20° C.;

g) a digestibility of less than 20% as measured by the Association ofAnalytical Communities (AOAC) method 2009.01;

h) a solubility of at least 20% (w/w) in pH 7 water at 25° C.; and

i) a polydispersity index of less than 26, preferably less than 5.

Such a soluble alpha-glucan can be produced as disclosed in U.S. Appl.No. 62/004,305.

In certain embodiments, a soluble alpha-glucan is a direct product of aglucosyltransferase. Such a glucosyltransferase, and conditions for usethereof in a suitable glucan synthesis reaction, can be as disclosedherein, or as disclosed in any of U.S. Patent Appl. Nos. 62/004,290,62/004,308, 62/004,312, 62/004,314, and/or 62/004,305, for example.

A soluble alpha-glucan can alternatively be a product, for example, ofthe concerted action of both a glucosyltransferase and analpha-glucanohydrolase that is capable of hydrolyzing glucan polymershaving one or more alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages or one or morealpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages. In some aspects, a glucan synthesisreaction for producing a soluble alpha-glucan product can comprise bothat least one glucosyltransferase and at least onealpha-glucanohydrolase. In other aspects, a glucan synthesis reactioncan initially comprise one or more glucosyltransferases as the onlyenzyme component(s). Such a reaction produces a first alpha-glucanproduct that has not yet been subject to modification by analpha-glucanohydrolase. Then, at least one alpha-glucanohydrolase isadded to the reaction for a suitable period of time to allowmodification of the first product to a soluble alpha-glucan product.Thus, there are different ways by which to synthesize a solublealpha-glucan product through the concerted action of both aglucosyltransferase and an alpha-glucanohydrolase. Conditions forperforming a glucan synthesis reaction in which one or morealpha-glucanohydrolase enzymes are included during glucan synthesisreaction and/or after glucan synthesis can be as disclosed herein, or asdisclosed in any of U.S. Patent Appl. Nos. 62/004,290, 62/004,308,62/004,312, 62/004,314, and/or 62/004,305, for example.

An alpha-glucanohydrolase herein can be, for example, a dextranase(capable of hydrolyzing alpha-1,6-linked glycosidic bonds; E.C.3.2.1.11), a mutanase (capable of hydrolyzing alpha-1,3-linkedglycosidic bonds; E.C. 3.2.1.59), a mycodextranase (capable ofendohydrolysis of (1-4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in alpha-D-glucanscontaining both (1-3)- and (1-4)-bonds; EC 3.2.1.61), a glucan1,6-alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.70), and an altemanase (capable ofendohydrolytically cleaving alternan; E.C. 3.2.1.-; see U.S. Pat. No.5,786,196).

A mutanase comprising SEQ ID NO:47 can be used in certain aspects.Alternatively, a mutanase can comprise an amino acid sequence that is atleast 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical toSEQ ID NO:47 and have mutanase activity, for example.

A glucan synthesis reaction as presently disclosed for producing one ormore soluble alpha-glucan products can serve directly as suitableconditions in which to perform a hydrolysis reaction herein in which analpha-glucosidase is used to hydrolyze an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkage. Such hydrolysis can be performed following any of theconditions disclosed above regarding hydrolytic treatment of a glucansynthesis reaction that produces poly alpha-1,3-glucan, for example.Alternatively, a fraction (e.g., chromatographic fraction) of a glucansynthesis reaction for producing one or more soluble alpha-glucanproducts can be used as suitable conditions in which to performalpha-glucosidase-mediated hydrolysis of alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructoselinkages.

A fraction in certain embodiments herein can be a chromatographicfraction of a glucan synthesis reaction. For example, a fraction can bea chromatographic fraction of a glucan synthesis reaction that producesone or more soluble alpha-glucan products as disclosed herein. Such areaction can optionally include one or more alpha-glucanohydrolasesduring glucan synthesis, and/or after completion of glucan synthesis. Afraction in any of these types of embodiments typically has beenobtained for the purpose of separating all of, or most of (e.g., atleast about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%), a soluble alpha-glucan productfrom a reaction composition from which it was produced. Once separatedfrom all or most of a soluble alpha-glucan product, a fraction can besubjected to any of the alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose hydrolysis processesdisclosed herein using one or more alpha-glucanases.

A chromatographic fraction herein can typically be obtained using asuitable type of liquid chromatography. Liquid chromatography can beperformed using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), columnchromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, ultrafiltration,microfiltration, or dialysis, for example.

The present disclosure also concerns a composition produced bycontacting a saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme (e.g.,transglucosidase or glucoamylase), wherein (i) the saccharide is adisaccharide or oligosaccharide comprising at least one alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkage, and (ii) the alpha-glucosidase enzymehydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of thesaccharide. The composition produced in this manner comprises a reducedamount of the saccharide compared to the amount of the saccharide thatwas present prior to the contacting. Examples of the composition includeany of those disclosed herein, such as a hydrolyzed filtrate from aglucan synthesis reaction, or a hydrolyzed fraction of a glucansynthesis reaction used to produce soluble alpha-glucan. Any of thefeatures disclosed above and in the Examples regarding a hydrolysismethod and products thereof can characterize the composition. Thefollowing features of the composition are examples.

An alpha-glucosidase enzyme in certain embodiments of the compositioncan comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:5, 6, 8, 9, 11,12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or that ofDIAZYME RDF ULTRA (DuPont Industrial Biosciences). A transglucosidase incertain embodiments of the composition can comprise an amino acidsequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1. A glucoamylasein certain embodiments of the composition can comprise an amino acidsequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2. Alternatively,any of the alpha-glucosidase enzymes disclosed herein can be used toproduce the disclosed composition.

A composition produced by a hydrolysis method herein can have, forexample, a concentration of a saccharide such as leucrose that is lessthan 50% of the concentration of leucrose that was present prior tocontacting the saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase.

A composition produced by a hydrolysis method in certain embodimentsherein can be a glucan synthesis reaction, or a fraction thereof, inwhich a saccharide byproduct of the glucan synthesis reaction iscontacted with an alpha-glucosidase. A fraction in this embodiment canbe a filtrate of the glucan synthesis reaction, or a fraction of aglucan synthesis reaction used to produce soluble alpha-glucan, forexample. A saccharide in this embodiment can be leucrose, for example.

It would be understood by a skilled artisan that the presently disclosedembodiments are useful, in part, for saccharifying disaccharides andoligosaccharides that can otherwise be difficult to breakdown. Thisfeature can be taken advantage of to perform enhanced methods of (i)fructose enrichment and (ii) fermentation, for example.

Example 6 below demonstrates that fructose enrichment by chromatographyis enhanced when using a glucan filtrate hydrolyzed by analpha-glucosidase (transglucosidase), as compared to using a filtratethat was not hydrolyzed.

Thus, the disclosed invention further concerns a method of enrichingfructose that is present in a fraction of a glucan synthesis reaction.This method comprises (a) contacting a fraction obtained from a glucansynthesis reaction with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme (e.g.,transglucosidase or glucoamylase) under suitable conditions, wherein theenzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of adisaccharide or oligosaccharide comprised within the fraction; and (b)separating fructose from the hydrolyzed fraction of step (a) to obtain acomposition having a higher concentration of fructose compared to thefructose concentration of the fraction of step (a).

The features of the disclosed fructose enrichment method regardingalpha-glucosidase (e.g., transglucosidase or glucoamylase) enzymes, andfractions of a glucan synthesis reaction, for example, can be accordingto any of the disclosures provided herein concerning each of thesefeatures.

Step (b) of separating fructose can be performed by any means known inthe art. For example, chromatography can be employed as disclosed in thebelow Examples, or by following the disclosure of European Patent Publ.No. EP2292803B1, which is incorporated herein by reference.

A composition (e.g., fructose solution or fructose syrup) having ahigher concentration of fructose resulting from the disclosed enrichmentmethod can have at least about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99wt % fructose.

A fructose enrichment method herein can perform better than one whichutilizes a filtrate that has not been hydrolyzed with analpha-glucosidase as presently disclosed. Such increased performance canbe measured in terms of a percent fructose recovery of at least 40%,45%, or 50%.

The present disclosure further concerns a fermentation method comprising(a) contacting a fraction obtained from a glucan synthesis reaction withan alpha-glucosidase enzyme (e.g., transglucosidase or glucoamylase)under suitable conditions, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzymehydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of adisaccharide or oligosaccharide comprised within the fraction; (b)fermenting the fraction of step (a) with a microbe to yield a product;and (c) optionally, isolating the product of (b). The fermenting step of(b) can be performed after step (a) or simultaneously with step (a).Significantly, this method can be used to produce ethanol, for example,by fermenting a hydrolyzed filtrate of a glucan synthesis reaction. Theethanol yield from such a process is higher than the ethanol yieldobtained when fermenting a glucan filtrate that has not been hydrolyzed.

The features of the disclosed fermentation method regardingalpha-glucosidase (e.g., transglucosidase or glucoamylase) enzymes,disaccharides and oligosaccharides, fractions of a glucan synthesisreaction, and suitable contacting conditions, for example, can beaccording to any of the disclosures provided herein concerning each ofthese features.

A microbe for use in a fermentation method herein can be a bacteria,yeast, or fungus, for example. Examples of bacteria useful hereininclude Lactobacillus species, Streptococcus species, Bifidobacteriumspecies, Leuconostoc species, Escherichia species (e.g., E. coli) andBacillus species. Examples of yeast useful herein include Saccharomycesspecies such as S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus.

A fermentation method herein can yield a product such as ethanol or anacid (e.g., lactic acid). It is believed, however, that other productscan be produced if desired. It would be understood by one of skill inthe art that production of certain products using a fermentation methodas disclosed would depend on various conditions such as the microbe(s)used in the fermentation. Conditions for fermentation herein can be asdisclosed in the below Examples, or as disclosed in El-Mansi et al.(2006, Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, Second Edition, CRCPress) and Stanbury et al. (1999, Principles of Fermentation Technology,Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann), for example, which are bothincorporated herein by reference.

The yield of a product in certain embodiments of a fermentation methodherein is higher than the product yield obtained when fermenting aglucan filtrate that has not been hydrolyzed with an alpha-glucosidaseherein. This comparison can be with respect to a control fermentation,for example, which used a non-hydrolyzed fraction of a glucan synthesisreaction. Product yield of a fermentation herein can be increased by atleast about 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, or 100% (or any integer valuebetween 10% and 100%), for example. In addition, the rate of productformation by a fermentation herein can be increased.

Example 7 below demonstrates that leucrose can be fermented to ethanolby yeast provided a feed comprising glucan filtrate that had not beenhydrolyzed. Thus, further disclosed herein is a method of using amicrobe to ferment leucrose to a product (e.g., ethanol). Such a methodcan comprise fermenting a glucan filtrate that (i) has, or (ii) has notbeen, hydrolyzed with an alpha-glucosidase as disclosed herein.Regardless of whether the leucrose is provided in a glucan filtrate oranother form (e.g., semi-purified or enriched form), a method forfermenting leucrose can comprise adapting a microbe (e.g., yeast such asS. cerevisiae) for utilizing leucrose. Such adaptation can comprisegrowing a microbe in the presence of leucrose, and optionally othersugars, over at least 2 or 3 growth cycles, for example, after which themicrobe utilizes more leucrose for fermenting a product. In certainembodiments, a microbe can be (i) grown in a first feed comprisingleucrose (1 cycle complete), (ii) removed from the first feed, (iii)grown in a second feed comprising leucrose (two cycles complete), (iv)optionally removed from the second feed, and (v) optionally grown in athird feed (three cycles complete). A microbe adapted in this manner canhave an increased capacity to ferment leucrose in certain embodiments.

Example 9 below demonstrates that almost all (e.g., >98% or >99%) theleucrose present in a glucan filtrate can be used for fermentation byyeast when the glucan filtrate is hydrolyzed with a transglucosidasewhile at the same time fermented with yeast. Thus, an enhanced leucrosefermentation method herein can comprise hydrolysis of leucrose with analpha-glucosidase (e.g., transglucosidase or glucoamylase) whilesimultaneously fermenting the leucrose with a microbe.

Non-limiting examples of compositions and methods disclosed hereininclude:

-   1. A method of hydrolyzing an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in    a saccharide comprising at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose    linkage, wherein the saccharide is a disaccharide or    oligosaccharide, and wherein the method comprises:    -   contacting the saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under        suitable conditions, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme        hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of        the saccharide, and wherein the amount of the saccharide is        reduced compared to the amount of the saccharide that was        present prior to the contacting.-   2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme    is immobilized.-   3. The method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the saccharide is    leucrose.-   4. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the concentration of leucrose    after the contacting step is less than 50% of the concentration of    leucrose that was present prior to the contacting.-   5. The method of embodiment 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the suitable    conditions

comprise:

-   -   (i) a glucan synthesis reaction, or    -   (ii) a fraction obtained from the glucan synthesis reaction;    -   wherein the saccharide is a byproduct of the glucan synthesis        reaction.

-   6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the glucan synthesis reaction    produces at least one insoluble alpha-glucan product.

-   7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the fraction is a filtrate of    the glucan synthesis reaction.

-   8. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the glucan synthesis reaction    produces at least one soluble alpha-glucan product that is    -   (i) a product of a glucosyltransferase, or    -   (ii) a product of the concerted action of both a        glucosyltransferase and an alpha-glucanohydrolase capable of        hydrolyzing glucan polymers having one or more        alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages or one or more        alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages.

-   9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the fraction is a    chromatographic fraction of the glucan synthesis reaction.

-   10. The method of any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the    alpha-glucosidase enzyme is a transglucosidase or glucoamylase.

-   11. A composition produced by contacting a saccharide with an    alpha-glucosidase enzyme,    -   wherein the saccharide is a disaccharide or oligosaccharide and        comprises at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage,        wherein the enzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5        glucosyl-fructose linkage of the saccharide,    -   and wherein the composition comprises a reduced amount of the        saccharide compared to the amount of the saccharide that was        present prior to the contacting.

-   12. The composition of embodiment 11, wherein the saccharide is    leucrose.

-   13. The composition of embodiment 11 or 12, wherein the saccharide    is in (i) a glucan synthesis reaction, or (ii) a fraction obtained    from the glucan synthesis reaction;    -   wherein the saccharide is a byproduct of the glucan synthesis        reaction.

-   14. A method of enriching fructose present in a fraction of a glucan    synthesis reaction, comprising:    -   (a) contacting a fraction obtained from a glucan synthesis        reaction with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under suitable        conditions, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes at        least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of a disaccharide        or oligosaccharide comprised within the fraction; and    -   (b) separating fructose from the hydrolyzed fraction of step (a)        to obtain a composition having a higher concentration of        fructose compared to the fructose concentration of the fraction        of step (a).

-   15. A fermentation method comprising:    -   (a) contacting a fraction obtained from a glucan synthesis        reaction with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under suitable        conditions, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes at        least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of a disaccharide        or oligosaccharide comprised within the fraction;    -   (b) fermenting the fraction of step (a) with a microbe to yield        a product, wherein the fermenting is performed after step (a) or        simultaneously with step (a); and    -   (c) optionally, isolating the product of (b);    -   wherein the yield of the product of (b) is increased compared to        the product yield of fermenting a fraction of the glucan        synthesis reaction that has not been contacted with the        alpha-glucosidase enzyme.

EXAMPLES

The disclosed invention is further defined in the following Examples. Itshould be understood that these Examples, while indicating certainpreferred aspects of the invention, are given by way of illustrationonly. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in theart can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, andwithout departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make variouschanges and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usesand conditions.

ABBREVIATIONS

The meaning of some of the abbreviations used herein is as follows: “g”means gram(s), “h” means hour(s), “mL” means milliliter(s), “psi” meanspound(s) per square inch, “wt %” means weight percentage, “μm” meansmicrometer(s), “%” means percent, “° C.” means degrees Celsius, “mg”means milligram(s), “mm” means millimeter(s), “mL/min” means millilitersper minute, “m” means meter(s), “μL” means microliter(s), “mmol” meansmillimole(s), “min” means minute(s), “mol %” means mole percent, “M”means molar, “mg/g” means milligram per gram, “rpm” means revolutionsper minute, “MPa” means megaPascals.

General Methods

All reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.) unlessstated otherwise. Sucrose was obtained from VWR (Radnor, Pa.).

Preparation of Crude Extracts of Glucosyltransferase (gtf) Enzymes

The Streptococcus salivarius gtfJ enzyme (SEQ ID NO:3) was expressed inE. coli strain DH10B using an isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG)-induced expression system. SEQ ID NO:3 has an N-terminal42-residue deletion compared to the S. salivarius gtfJ amino acidsequence in GENBANK Identification No. 47527, but includes a startmethionine. Briefly, E. coli DH10B cells were transformed to express SEQID NO:3 from a DNA sequence codon-optimized to express the gtfJ enzymein E. coli. This DNA sequence was contained in the expression vector,pJexpress404® (DNA 2.0, Menlo Park Calif.). The transformed cells wereinoculated to an initial optical density (OD at 600_(nm)) of 0.025 in LBmedium (10 g/L Tryptone; 5 g/L yeast extract, 10 g/L NaCl) and allowedto grow at 37° C. in an incubator while shaking at 250 rpm. The cultureswere induced by addition of 1 mM IPTG when they reached an OD₆₀₀ of0.8-1.0. Induced cultures were left on the shaker and harvested 3 hourspost induction.

GtfJ enzyme (SEQ ID NO:3) was harvested by centrifuging cultured cells(25° C., 16000 rpm) in an Eppendorf® centrifuge, re-suspending the cellsin 5.0 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and cooling to 4° C. on ice. Thecells were broken using a bead beater with 0.1-mm silica beads, and thencentrifuged at 16000 rpm at 4° C. to pellet the unbroken cells and celldebris. The crude extract (containing soluble GtfJ enzyme, SEQ ID NO:3)was separated from the pellet and analyzed by Bradford protein assay todetermine protein concentration (mg/mL).

The Streptococcus sp. C150 gtf-S enzyme (SEQ ID NO:40) was prepared asfollows. SG1184 is a Bacillus subtilis expression strain that expressesa truncated version of the glycosyltransferase Gtf-S (“GTF0459”) fromStreptococcus sp. C150 (GENBANK® GI:321278321). The gene (SEQ ID NO:41)encoding an N-terminal truncated protein GTF0459 (SEQ ID NO:42) from E.coli expression plasmid pMP79 was cloned into the NheI and HindIII sitesof the Bacillus subtilis integrative expression plasmid p4JH under theaprE promoter and fused with the B. subtilis AprE signal peptide on thevector. The construct was first transformed into E. coli DH10B andselected on LB with ampicillin (100 μg/mL) plates. The confirmedconstruct pDCQ984 expressing GTF0459 was then transformed into B.subtilis BG6006 containing nine protease deletions(amyE::xylRPxylAcomK-ermC, degUHy32, oppA, ΔspollE3501, ΔaprE, ΔnprE,Δepr, ΔispA, Δbpr, Δvpr, ΔwprA, Δmpr-ybfJ, ΔnprB) and selected on LBplates with chloramphenicol (5 μg/mL). The colonies grown on LB plateswith 5 μg/mL chloramphenicol were streaked several times onto LB plateswith 25 μg/mL chloramphenicol. The resulting B. subtilis expressionstrain, SG1184, was first grown in LB medium with 25 μg/mLchloramphenicol and then subcultured into GrantsII medium containing 25μg/mL chloramphenicol grown at 30° C. for 2-3 days. The cultures werespun at 15,000 g for 30 min at 4° C. and the supernatant was filteredthrough 0.22-μm filters. The filtered supernatant was aliquoted andfrozen at −80° C.

B. subtilis SG1184 strain, expressing GTF0459 (SEQ ID NO:42), was grownunder an aerobic submerged condition by conventional fed-batchfermentation. A nutrient medium was used containing 0-0.25% corn steepsolids (Roquette), 5-25 g/L sodium and potassium phosphate, a solutionof 0.3-0.6 M ferrous sulfate, manganese chloride and calcium chloride,0.5-4 g/L magnesium sulfate, and a solution of 0.01-3.7 g/L zincsulfate, cuprous sulfate, boric acid and citric acid. An antifoam agent,FOAMBLAST 882, at 2-4 mL/L was added to control foaming. A 10-Lfermentation was fed with 50% (w/w) glucose feed when initial glucose inbatch was non-detectable. The glucose feed rate was ramped over severalhours. The fermentation was controlled at 30° C. and 20% DO, and atinitial agitation of 750 rpm. The pH was controlled at 7.2 using 50%(v/v) ammonium hydroxide. Fermentation parameters such as pH,temperature, airflow, and DO % were monitored throughout the entire2-day fermentation run. The culture broth was harvested at the end ofthe run and centrifuged to obtain supernatant. The supernatantcontaining GTF0459 (SEQ ID NO:42) was then stored frozen at −80° C.

The S. mutans MT-4239 gtf-C enzyme (SEQ ID NO:43) was prepared asfollows. A gene encoding a truncated version of a glucosyltransferase(gtf) enzyme identified in GENBANK® as GI:3130088 (SEQ ID NO:43; gtf-Cfrom S. mutans MT-4239) was synthesized using codons optimized forexpression in Bacillus subtilis and synthesized by GenScript. The gene(SEQ ID NO:44) encoding GTF0088BsT1 with an N-terminal truncation and aC-terminal T1 truncation (SEQ ID NO:45) was amplified from the GENSCRIPTplasmid and cloned into the NheI and HindIII sites of the Bacillussubtilis integrative expression plasmid p4JH under the aprE promoter andfused with the B. subtilis AprE signal peptide on the vector. Theconstruct was first transformed into E. coli DH10B and selected on LBwith ampicillin (100 μg/mL) plates. The confirmed construct pDCQ1021expressing GTF0088BsT1 was then transformed into B. subtilis BG6006containing nine protease deletions (amyE::xylRPxylAcomK-ermC, degUHy32,oppA, AspoIIE3501, ΔaprE, ΔnprE, Δepr, ΔispA, Δbpr, Δvpr, ΔwprA,Δmpr-ybfJ, ΔnprB) and selected on the LB plates with chloramphenicol (5μg/mL). The colonies grown on LB plates with 5 μg/mL chloramphenicolwere streaked several times onto LB plates with 25 μg/mLchloramphenicol. The resulting B. subtilis expression strain SG1221 wasfirst grown in LB medium with 25 μg/mL chloramphenicol and thensubcultured into GrantsII medium containing 25 μg/mL chloramphenicolgrown at 30° C. for 2-3 days. The cultures were spun at 15,000 g for 30min at 4° C. and the supernatant was filtered through 0.22-μm filters.The filtered supernatant was aliquoted and frozen at −80° C.

B. subtilis SG1221 strain, expressing GTF0088BsT1 (SEQ ID NO:45), wasgrown under an aerobic submerged condition by conventional fed-batchfermentation. A nutrient medium was used containing 0-0.25% corn steepsolids (Roquette), 5-25 g/L sodium and potassium phosphate, a solutionof 0.3-0.6 M ferrous sulfate, manganese chloride and calcium chloride,0.5-4 g/L magnesium sulfate, and a solution of 0.01-3.7 g/L zincsulfate, cuprous sulfate, boric acid and citric acid. An antifoam agent,FOAMBLAST 882, at 2-4 mL/L was added to control foaming. A 2-Lfermentation was fed with 50% (w/w) glucose feed when initial glucose inbatch was non-detectable. The glucose feed rate was ramped over severalhours. The fermentation was controlled at 30° C. and 20% DO, and at aninitial agitation of 400 rpm. The pH was controlled at 7.2 using 50%(v/v) ammonium hydroxide. Fermentation parameters such as pH,temperature, airflow, and DO % were monitored throughout the entire2-day fermentation run. The culture broth was harvested at the end ofrun and centrifuged to obtain supernatant. The supernatant containingGTF088BsT1 (SEQ ID NO:45) was then stored frozen at −80° C.

Determination of the Glucosyltransferase GTF0459 and GTF0088BsT1Activity

Glucosyltransferase activity assay was performed by incubating 1-10%(v/v) crude protein extract containing GTF enzyme with 200 g/L sucrosein 25 mM or 50 mM sodium acetate buffer at pH 5.5 in the presence orabsence of 25 g/L dextran (MW ˜1500, Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. #31394) at 37°C. and 125 rpm orbital shaking. One aliquot of reaction mixture waswithdrawn at 1 h, 2 h and 3 h and heated at 90° C. for 5 min toinactivate the GTF. The insoluble material was removed by centrifugationat 13,000×g for 5 min, followed by filtration through 0.2-μm RC(regenerated cellulose) membrane. The resulting filtrate was analyzed byHPLC using two AMINEX HPX-87C columns series at 85° C. (Bio-Rad,Hercules, Calif.) to quantify sucrose concentration. The sucroseconcentration at each time point was plotted against the reaction timeand the initial reaction rate was determined from the slope of thelinear plot. One unit of GTF activity was defined as the amount ofenzyme needed to consume one micromole of sucrose in one minute underthe assay conditions.

Preparation of a Crude Extract of Alpha-(1,3)-Glucanohydrolase(Mutanase)

A gene encoding the Penicillium marneffei ATCC® 18224™ mutanaseidentified in GENBANK® as GI:212533325 was synthesized by GenScript(Piscataway, N.J.). The nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:46) encodingprotein sequence (MUT3325; SEQ ID NO:47) was subcloned into plasmidpTrex3 at SacII and AscI restriction sites, a vector designed to expressthe gene of interest in Trichoderma reesei, under control of CBHIpromoter and terminator, with Aspergillus niger acetamidase forselection. The resulting plasmid was transformed into T. reesei bybiolistic injection. The detailed method of biolistic transformation isdescribed in International PCT Patent Application PublicationWO2009/126773 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference. A 1-cm²agar plug with spores from a stable clone, TRM05-3, was used toinoculate the production media (described below). The culture was grownin shake flasks for 4-5 days at 28° C. and 220 rpm. To harvest thesecreted proteins, the cell mass was first removed by centrifugation at4000 g for 10 min and the supernatant was filtered through 0.2-μmsterile filters. The expression of mutanase MUT3325 (SEQ ID NO:47) wasconfirmed by SDS-PAGE.

The production media component is listed below.

NREL-Trich Lactose Defined

Formula Amount Units ammonium sulfate 5 g PIPPS 33 g BD BACTO casaminoacid 9 g KH₂PO₄ 4.5 g CaCl₂•2H₂O 1.32 g MgSO₄•7H₂O 1 g T. reesei traceelements 2.5 mL NaOH pellet 4.25 g Adjust pH to 5.5 with 50% NaOH Bringvolume to 920 mL Add to each aliquot: 5 drops FOAM BLAST Autoclave, thenadd 80 mL 20% lactose filter sterilizedT. reesei Trace Elements

Formula Amount Units citric acid•H₂O 191.41 g FeSO₄•7H₂O 200 gZnSO₄•7H₂O 16 g CuSO₄•5H₂O 3.2 g MnSO₄•H₂O 1.4 g H₃BO₃ (boric acid) 0.8g Bring volume to 1 L

Fermentation seed culture was prepared by inoculating 0.5 L of minimalmedium in a 2-L baffled flask with 1.0 mL frozen spore suspension of theMUT3325 expression strain TRM05-3 (The minimal medium was composed of 5g/L ammonium sulfate, 4.5 g/L potassium phosphate monobasic, 1.0 g/Lmagnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 14.4 g/L citric acid anhydrous, 1 g/Lcalcium chloride dihydrate, 25 g/L glucose and trace elements including0.4375 g/L citric acid, 0.5 g/L ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 0.04 g/Lzinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.008 g/L cupric sulfate pentahydrate, 0.0035g/L manganese sulfate monohydrate and 0.002 g/L boric acid. The pH was5.5.). The culture was grown at 32° C. and 170 rpm for 48 hours beforebeing transferred to 8 L of the production medium in a 14-L fermenter.The production medium was composed of 75 g/L glucose, 4.5 g/L potassiumphosphate monobasic, 0.6 g/L calcium chloride dehydrate, 1.0 g/Lmagnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 7.0 g/L ammonium sulfate, 0.5 g/L citricacid anhydrous, 0.5 g/L ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 0.04 g/L zincsulfate heptahydrate, 0.00175 g/L cupric sulfate pentahydrate, 0.0035g/L manganese sulfate monohydrate, 0.002 g/L boric acid and 0.3 mL/LFOAMBLAST 882.

The fermentation was first run with batch growth on glucose at 34° C.,500 rpm for 24 h. At the end of 24 h, the temperature was lowered to 28°C. and the agitation speed was increased to 1000 rpm. The fermenter wasthen fed with a mixture of glucose and sophorose (62% w/w) at a specificfeed rate of 0.030 g glucose-sophorose solids/g biomass/hr. At the endof run, the biomass was removed by centrifugation and the supernatantcontaining the MUT3325 mutanase (SEQ ID NO:47) was concentrated about10-fold by ultrafiltration using 10-kD Molecular Weight Cut-Offultrafiltration cartridge (UFP-10-E-35; GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont,Buckinghamshire, UK). The concentrated protein was stored at −80° C.

Determination of Alpha-Glucanohydrolase (Mutanase) Activity

Insoluble mutan polymers required for determining mutanase activity wereprepared using secreted enzymes produced by Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC®33478™. Specifically, one loop of glycerol stock of S. sobrinus ATCC®33478™ was streaked on a BHI agar plate (Brain Heart Infusion agar,Teknova, Hollister, Calif.), and the plate was incubated at 37° C. for 2days. A few colonies were picked using a loop to inoculate 2×100 mL BHIliquid medium in the original medium bottle from Teknova, and theculture was incubated at 37° C., held static for 24 h. The resultingcells were removed by centrifugation and the resulting supernatant wasfiltered through a 0.2-μm sterile filter; 2×101 mL of filtrate wascollected. To the filtrate was added 2×11.2 mL of 200 g/L sucrose (finalsucrose 20 g/L). The reaction was incubated at 37° C. with no agitationfor 67 h. The resulting polysaccharide polymers were collected bycentrifugation at 5000×g for 10 min. The supernatant was carefullydecanted. The insoluble polymers were washed 4 times with 40 mL ofsterile water. The resulting mutan polymers were lyophilized for 48 h.Mutan polymer (390 mg) was suspended in 39 mL of sterile water to make a10 mg/mL suspension. The mutan suspension was homogenized by sonication(40% amplitude until large lumps disappear, ˜10 min in total). Thehomogenized suspension was aliquoted and stored at 4° C.

A mutanase assay was initiated by incubating an appropriate amount ofenzyme with 0.5 mg/mL mutan polymer (prepared as described above) in 25mM KOAc buffer at pH 5.5 and 37° C. At various time points, an aliquotof reaction mixture was withdrawn and quenched with equal volume of 100mM glycine buffer (pH 10). The insoluble material in each quenchedsample was removed by centrifugation at 14,000×g for 5 min. The reducingends of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide polymer produced at each timepoint were quantified by the p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide solution(PAHBAH) assay (Lever M., Anal. Biochem., (1972) 47:273-279) and theinitial rate was determined from the slope of the linear plot of thefirst three or four time points of the time course. The PAHBAH assay wasperformed by adding 10 μL of reaction sample supernatant to 100 μL ofPAHBAH working solution and heated at 95° C. for 5 min. The workingsolution was prepared by mixing one part of reagent A (0.05 g/mLp-hydroxy benzoic acid hydrazide and 5% by volume of concentratedhydrochloric acid) and four parts of reagent B (0.05 g/mL NaOH, 0.2 g/mLsodium potassium tartrate). The absorption at 410 nm was recorded andthe concentration of the reducing ends was calculated by subtractingappropriate background absorption and using a standard curve generatedwith various concentrations of glucose as standards.

Analysis of Reaction Profiles by HPLC

Periodic samples from reactions were taken and analyzed using anAgilent® 1260 HPLC equipped with a refractive index detector. An Aminex®HP-87C column (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) having deionized water at aflow rate of 0.6 mL/min and 85° C. was used to quantitate the level ofsucrose, glucose, leucrose and fructose in gtf reactions. An Aminex®HP-42A column (BioRad) having deionized water at a flow rate of 0.6mL/min and 85° C. was used to quantitate soluble oligosaccharidebyproducts (DP2-DP7) in gtf reactions.

A Dionex® UltiMate™ 3000 HPLC (Thermo Scientific) equipped with arefractive index detector was used for samples involving immobilizedenzymes (Example 4). A Phenomenex® Rezex™ calcium monosaccharide columnhaving deionized water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and 85° C. was usedto analyze the sugars.

Analysis of Oligosaccharide Linkage by NMR

NMR data were acquired on an Agilent DD2 spectrometer operating at 500MHz for ¹H using a 5-mm cryogenic triple-resonance pulsed-field gradient(PFG) probe. Water suppression was obtained by carefully placing theobserve transmitter frequency on resonance for the residual water signalin a “presat” experiment, and then using the first slice of a NOESYexperiment with a full phase cycle (multiple of 32) and a mix time of 10ms. One-dimensional ¹H spectra were acquired with a spectral width of6410 Hz, acquisition time of 5.1 s, 65536 data points, 4 s presaturationand a 90-degree pulse of 5.85 μs. Sample temperature was maintained at25° C. Samples were prepared by adding 50 μL to a 5-mm NMR tube alongwith 450 μL of D₂O and 60 L of D₂O containing 12.4 mM DSS(4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt) internalreference with the methyl resonance set to 0 ppm. Chemical shiftassignments for different anomeric linkages were taken from: Goffin etal. (2009, Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 30:2535-2541. Peak assignments were5.35 ppm for alpha(1,3) linkages, 5.1 ppm for leucrose, and 4.95 foralpha(1,6) linkages. Reducing ends (RE) were assigned to be 5.2 foralpha RE and 4.65 for beta RE.

Example 1 Production of Suaar Syrup by Polymerization of Sucrose

This example discloses the general manner in which a mixture of solublesugars was produced by polymerization of sucrose with a gtf enzyme in aglucan synthesis reaction. Specifically, a filtrate of a glucansynthesis reaction was prepared, which was then concentrated to a syrup.

Sucrose (3000 g) was added to a clean 5-gallon polyethylene bucket.Water (18.1 L) and Fermasure™ (10 mL) were added to the bucket, and thepH was adjusted to 7.0 by addition of 5 vol % NaOH and 5 vol % H₂SO₄.The final volume was ˜20 L and the initial concentration of sucrose asmeasured by HPLC was 152.5 g/L. The glucan polymerization reaction wasinitiated by adding 0.3 vol % of crude gtf enzyme (SEQ ID NO:3) extractprepared as described in the General Methods section. This extractcontained about 2.9 mg/mL of protein. Agitation to the reaction solutionwas provided using an overhead mechanical motor equipped with a glassshaft and PTFE blade.

After 48 hours, HPLC analysis revealed that 96% of the sucrose had beenconsumed and the reaction was deemed to be complete. The insolublepoly-alpha-1,3-glucan product of the reaction was removed by filtrationwith a Buchner filter funnel using 325-mesh steel screen and 40-micronfilter paper. The mother liquor (filtrate) was then concentrated using arotary evaporator (bath temp of 40-50° C.) to a total sugarconcentration of about 320 g/L sugars. The composition of theconcentrated filtrate is provided in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Composition of a Concentrated Filtrate of a Glucan SynthesisReaction Sucrose Leucrose Glucose Fructose DP2 DP3+ Total g/L 13.5 130.625.5 103.8 18.3 28.3 320.1 wt % 4.2 40.8 8 32.4 5.7 8.9 100

Table 2 indicates that the concentrated filtrate of the glucan synthesisreaction contains sucrose, fructose, glucose, leucrose andoligosaccharides of DP2-DP7.

Example 2 Effect of Enzymes on Hydrolysis of Sugars in a Filtrate of aGlucan Synthesis Reaction

This example measures the activity of various glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3),transglucosidase (EC 2.4.1.24), beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21),alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and glucosidase (EC 3.2.1) enzymes for thepurpose of reducing the concentration of leucrose and/or oligosaccharidebyproducts in a concentrated filtrate of a glucan synthesis reaction.Certain enzymes such as DIAZYME RDF ULTRA, transglucosidase (EC2.4.1.24) and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), which are allalpha-glucosidase, were found to be particularly effective at reducingthe amount of these byproducts, resulting in a corresponding increase inmonosaccharides (glucose and fructose) in the treated filtrate.

A filtrate of a glucan synthesis reaction was first prepared andconcentrated to a syrup according to the procedure outline in Example 1.The composition of this concentrated filtrate is provided in Table 3.NMR analysis revealed that the ratio of alpha(1,3) to alpha (1,6)linkages present in the syrup was 78:22.

TABLE 3 Composition of a Concentrated Filtrate of a Glucan SynthesisReaction Sucrose Leucrose Glucose Fructose DP2 DP3+ Total g/L 161 210 93302 33 61 860 wt % 18.7 24.4 10.8 35.1 3.8 7.1 100.0

The syrup of Table 3 was used to test the hydrolytic activity of variousenzymes against leucrose and oligosaccharide byproducts of the glucansynthesis reaction. It was not obvious at the outset of theseexperiments what enzyme could be used to hydrolyze both thesebyproducts, given that leucrose contains an unusual linkage[alpha(1,5)-glucosyl fructose] and that the oligosaccharides compriseprimarily alpha(1,3) and alpha(1,6) glucosyl-glucose linkages. Enzymeswith various activities were selected for this analysis (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Enzymes Evaluated for Leucrose and Oligosaccharide HydrolysisActivity or protein Enzyme Source Function concentration DIAZYME RDFULTRA DuPont IB^(a) 1,4-alpha-glucosidase 710 U/g Oligo-1,6-glucosidaseMegazyme 1,6-alpha-glucosldase 320 U/mg SPEZYME FRED DuPont IBAlpha-amylase 1-5% SPEZYME RSL DuPont IB Alpha-amylase 1-5% OPTIMAXL-1000 DuPont IB Pullulanase 1-5% TRANSGLUCOSIDASE DuPont IBTransglucosidase >1700 TGU/g L-200G purified DuPont IB Transglucosidase22.7 mg/mL TRANSGLUCOSIDASE L-2000 ACCELLERASE BG DuPont IBBeta-glucosidase 3000 U/g NOVO 188 Sigma-Aldrich Beta-glucosidase >250U/g SUMIZYME BFS-L Shin Nihon Beta-glucosidase 100 U/g Chemical SUMIZYMEBGA Shin Nihon Beta-glucosidase 2000 U/g Chemical ACCELERASE TRIO DuPontIB Cellulase  5-10% ACCELERASE 1500 DuPont IB Cellulase/Beta-5-10%/0.5-4% glucosidase OPTIDEX L-400 DuPont IB Glucoamylase >350 GAU/gGC 147 DuPont IB Glucoamylase 400 GAU/g GC 321 DuPont IBGlucoamylase >350 GAU/g ^(a)DuPont Industrial Biosciences

Conditions for treating the syrup of Table 3 with each of the aboveenzymes are provided in Table 5 (enzyme loading, time, temperature, pH,sugar concentration). The syrup was diluted with water to reach thesugar concentration used in each hydrolysis reaction. Table 5 furtherprovides the percent hydrolysis of the leucrose and DP3+ (at leastDP3-DP7) oligosaccharides by each enzyme. Percent DP3+ hydrolysis wascalculated as (1−(wt % DP3+ oligosaccharides in the final syrup)/(wt %DP3+ oligosaccharides in the initial syrup)). Similarly, percentleucrose hydrolysis was calculated as (1−(wt % leucrose in the finalsyrup)/(wt % leucrose in the initial syrup)).

TABLE 5 Hydrolysis of Leucrose and Oligosaccharides in a ConcentratedFiltrate by Various Enzymes Enzyme Sugar DP3+^(b) Leucrose loading TempTime concentration hydrolysis hydrolysis Example Enzyme (vol %) (° C.)(hr) pH (g/L)^(a) (%) (%) 2.1 DIAZYME 0.5 60 88 4.0 300 36 13 RDF ULTRA2.2 Oligo-1,6- 5 40 72 5.5 400 43 <2 glucosidase 2.3 SPEZYME 0.5 60 664.0 280 <2 <2 FRED 2.4 SPEZYME RSL 0.5 60 48 4 290 <2 <2 2.5 OPTIMAX 0.560 48 4 290 <2 <2 L-1000 2.6 TG L-2000 0.25 60 70 4.0 260 54 >98 2.7 TGL-2000 2 60 48 4.5 300 96 >98 2.8 PURIFIED 0.5 60 48 4.5 260 56 >98 TGL-2000 2.9 ACCELERASE 0.5 60 70 4 300 11 <2 BG 2.10 NOVO 188 0.25 60 704 300 49 36 2.11 NOVO 188 5 60 40 5.5 340 93 29 2.12 SUMIZYME 0.5 60 484.5 260 55 46 BFS-L 2.13 SUMIZYME 0.1 wt % 60 48 4.5 260 26 77 BGA 2.14ACCELERASE 0.5 60 48 4 290 28 6.6 TRIO 2.15 ACCELERASE 0.5 60 66 4 28026 4 1500 2.16 GC 147 0.5 60 40 4 300 55 12 2.17 GC 321 5 60 72 5.5 40074 64 2.18 OPTIDEX 0.5 60 70 4 300 27 25 L-400 ^(a)Sugar concentration(total concentration of sucrose, glucose, fructose, leucrose andoligosaccharides) measured by HPLC; reported values are rounded tonearest 10 g/L increment, ^(b)DP3+ contains DP3-DP7, but may containlarger soluble oligosaccharides that have a high ratio of alpha-1,6linkages to alpha-1,3 linkages, when produced using certain gtf enzymes.

Table 5 indicates that 1,4-alpha-glucosidase and 1,6-alpha-glucosidaseshowed some (Example 2.1) or very little (Example 2.2) hydrolysis ofleucrose, but did release some glucose from the oligosaccharides. Use ofalpha-amylase (Example 2.3 and Example 2.4) showed very little activityagainst the compounds of interest. Similarly, use of a pullulanase(Example 2.5) showed very little activity.

Cellulases (Examples 2.14 and 2.15) were largely ineffective athydrolyzing leucrose, but did hydrolyze some of the oligosaccharides.

Although the oligosaccharides did not contain beta linkages,surprisingly, beta-glucosidase enzymes also showed a range of hydrolyticconversion from very low (ACCELERASE BG, Example 2.9) to very high (NOVO188, Examples 2.10 and 2.11). The relative efficacy of these enzymesvaried quite dramatically. In some cases, the amount of oligosaccharidethat was hydrolyzed greatly exceeded (Example 2.11), or was close to(Example 2.12), the percentage of leucrose that was hydrolyzed. In othercases, leucrose was highly hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase while theoligosaccharides were moderately hydrolyzed (Example 2.13). The highdisparity amongst the results observed with beta-glucosidase suggeststhat the presence of other enzymes in the tested beta-glucosidaseformulations, such as glucoamylase or another type of alpha-glucosidase,could be responsible for the observed activity.

Conversely, the results in Table 5 indicate that transglucosidase (TGL-2000, Example 2.6) showed very high activity at hydrolyzing both theoligosaccharides and leucrose. Leucrose hydrolysis by transglucosidaseappeared quantitative under certain circumstances, and greater than 95%of the DP3+ material was hydrolyzed to glucose and DP2 at high enzymeloadings (Example 2.7). Use of a purified version of transglucosidaserevealed similar activity (Example 2.8), indicating that the observedhydrolysis is due to the transglucosidase enzyme and not backgroundactivity.

Glucoamylases (Examples 2.16-2.18) showed a range of activity againstleucrose and the oligosaccharides. Only one tested glucoamylase (Example2.18) gave less than 30% hydrolysis of both the leucrose andoligosaccharides.

The results in Table 5 indicate that alpha-glucosidases such as DIAZYMERDF ULTRA, glucoamylase and transglucosidase can hydrolyze leucrosebyproduct present in a glucan reaction filtrate. The ability ofalpha-glucosidases to hydrolyze leucrose indicates that these enzymescan hydrolyze alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages. While this activitywas shown above using leucrose as a substrate, it is believed that thisactivity can also be extended to oligosaccharides comprising alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkages.

The results in Table 5 further indicate that alpha-glucosidases such asglucoamylase and transglucosidase can hydrolyze oligosaccharidebyproducts present in a glucan reaction filtrate. Since theseoligosaccharides are mostly comprised of glucose monomer units linked byalpha-1,3 and/or alpha-1,6 linkages (Example 3), the data in Table 5indicate that alpha-glucosidase enzymes can hydrolyze alpha-1,3glucosyl-glucose and/or alpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages.

Since alpha-glucosidase enzymes were generally effective at hydrolyzingthe leucrose and/or oligosaccharide byproducts of a glucan synthesisreaction, these enzymes can be used alone or in combination to reducethe processing time necessary to generate a high purity syrup from aglucan reaction filtrate containing an increased amount ofmonosaccharides and reduced amount of sugar byproducts. An example of aneffective enzyme combination could be a transglucosidase such as TGL-2000, for leucrose hydrolysis, and a glucoamylase (e.g., GC 321)enzyme that efficiently hydrolyzes oligosaccharide byproducts.

Thus, alpha-glucosidase enzymes can individually hydrolyze (i) alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkages and (ii) alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkages in certain saccharides.

Example 3 Comparison of Linkage Distributions of Glucan ReactionFiltrate Components before and after Enzyme Hydrolysis

This example measures the hydrolytic activity of transglucosidase (EC2.4.1.24) and beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) enzymes against leucroseand oligosaccharide byproducts present in a concentrated filtrate of aglucan synthesis reaction. Transglucosidase was found to reduce theamount of these byproducts, resulting in a corresponding increase inmonosaccharides (glucose and fructose) in the treated filtrate.

The oligosaccharide byproducts present in the filtrate of the aboveglucan synthesis reaction comprise >90% glucose-glucose linkages, asdetermined by NMR (General Methods). Of the glucose-glucose linkages,˜78% represent alpha-1,3 linkages and ˜22% represent alpha-1,6 linkages.

NMR was used to determine the linkage profile of material generated inExample 2.11 above after hydrolysis. As shown in FIG. 1, the peakcorresponding to alpha-1,3 linkages was reduced by 86%, the peakcorresponding to alpha-1,6 linkages was reduced by only 2.3%, and thepeak corresponding to leucrose peaks was reduced by 21%. While sucrosewas very nearly quantitatively hydrolyzed by this enzyme, Novo 188 doesnot appear to be capable of hydrolyzing alpha-1,6 linkages.

NMR was similarly used to determine the linkage profile of materialgenerated using TG L-2000 (SEQ ID NO:1) transglucosidase (FIG. 2). 210μL of concentrated filtrate from the material in Table 3, 300 μL of D₂O,and 90 μL of D₂O containing 12.4 mM DSS as internal reference were mixedin an NMR tube to give a total sugar concentration of 300 g/L and heatedto 60° C. A time zero spectrum (starting material in FIG. 2) wasacquired after thermal equilibration at 60° C., and then 0.5 vol % ofenzyme was added. The sample was re-equilibrated in the probe at 60° C.and shimmed, and measurements were taken within a few minutes ofanalysis. After 10 hours of treatment with TG L-2000 enzyme (treatedmaterial in FIG. 2), the peaks corresponding to alpha-1,3 linkages werereduced by 41%, the peaks corresponding to alpha-1,6 linkages werereduced by 36%, and the peak corresponding to leucrose was reducedby >95% (FIG. 2). An increase in both the alpha-reducing end andbeta-reducing end peaks was observed, which corresponds to an increasein fructose and glucose (FIG. 2).

These results demonstrate that a transglucosidase can convertoligosaccharides containing alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6 linkages intoglucose and can convert leucrose into fructose and glucose. Thus,transglucosidase can hydrolyze (i) alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkagesand (ii) alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages in certainsaccharides.

Example 4 Hydrolysis of Leucrose and Oligosaccharides in Glucan ReactionFiltrate Using Immobilized Enzymes

This Example describes using immobilized glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) andtransglucosidase (EC 2.4.1.24) to hydrolyze leucrose and otheroligosaccharides present in filtrate obtained from a glucan synthesisreaction. Specifically, the effect of immobilized transglucosidase TGL-2000 (SEQ ID NO:1, obtained from Genencor/DuPont IndustrialBiosciences) and immobilized glucoamylase GC-147 (obtained fromGenencor/DuPont Industrial Biosciences) on the hydrolysis of leucroseand oligosaccharides DP2, DP3 and HS (higher sugars, DP4+) in a filtrateof a glucan synthesis reaction was studied.

Immobilization of the glucoamylase and transglucosidase enzymes wascarried out according to the method described in U.S. Pat. No.5,541,097, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In a typical process for immobilizing the glucoamylase ortransglucosidase, two batches of about 8.0 g/batch of porous granulardiatomaceous earth (EP Minerals, Reno, Nev.) were hydrated withdistilled water and then transferred to a glass column reactor of 1.5-cmdiameter and 30-cm height. Water was pumped upflow at about 6-7 mL/minto remove fines from all three columns. Generally, within an hour thewater effluent was free of fines. Water was drained from the column tothe top of the granular diatomaceous earth beds and replaced with 0.1%w/v aqueous solution of polyethylenimine (PEI, EPOMIN P-1050). 3500 mLof the PEI solution was then pumped upflow and effluent was recycledthrough the beds for 2 hours. The granular diatomaceous earth beds werethen washed upflow with distilled water for 2 hours to remove free PEIat room temperature. In this manner, granular diatomaceous earth-PEIcarriers were obtained.

In the meantime, 3.5 mL of glucoamylase GC-147 having activity definedin Table 4 was added to 315 ml of 0.02 M acetate buffer (pH 4.5). 1.575g of 50% w/w glutaraldehyde (Protectol® GA-50) was then slowly added tothe aqueous solution of glucoamylase with gentle mixing, and theglutaraldehyde was allowed to react with the aqueous glucoamylasesolution for 4 hours at a temperature of 20-25° C. with gentleagitation, which resulted in formation of a treatedenzyme-glutaraldehyde adduct containing treated glucoamylase.Separately, these steps were repeated using the transglucosidase TGL-2000 having activity defined in Table 4 instead of the glucoamylase,thereby resulting in the formation of a treated enzyme-glutaraldehydeadduct containing treated transglucosidase.

Each of the treated enzyme-glutaraldehyde adducts was then circulatedfor 4 hours (20-25° C.) in its own column prepared as above containinggranular diatomaceous earth-PEI carrier. Excess treated adduct was thenwashed out of the carriers with water. Columns with immobilizedglucoamylase or transglucosidase were thus prepared.

A glucan filtrate having the composition defined in Table 3 was dilutedto 180 g/L, adjusted to pH 4.5, and passed through a column containingan immobilized enzyme. Column temperature was controlled to 60° C. After16 hours of column equilibration, samples were taken periodically atdifferent flow rates. Sugar compositions of hydrolysis reaction productswere determined by HPLC (Table 6). Every time the flow rate setting waschanged, the column was allowed to re-equilibrate for at least 1-2 bedvolumes before sampling. The degree of hydrolysis of leucrose andoligosaccharides was calculated using the manner described in Example 2.Three column configurations were tested: 1) immobilized glucoamylase, 2)immobilized transglucosidase, and 3) immobilized glucoamylase followedby immobilized transglucosidase.

TABLE 6 Application of Immobilized Glucoamylase and TransglucosidaseEnzymes to Hydrolyze Oligosaccharides and Leucrose Mean contact DP3+Leucrose Immobilized Enzyme time (hr) hydrolysis (%) hydrolysis (%) GC147 0.7 16 17 GC 147 1.0 20 22 GC 147 1.3 25 29 GC 147 3.0 39 47 TGL-2000 0.7 28 >95 TG L-2000 1.0 32 >95 TG L-2000 1.3 37 >95 TG L-20003.0 47 >95 GC 147 + TG L-2000 6.0 55 >95

Table 6 indicates that, as the mean contact time (defined as the nominalcolumn volume divided by the mean flow rate) was increased, the degreeof hydrolysis of leucrose and oligosaccharides generally increased. Useof the immobilized transglucosidase to hydrolyze leucrose wasparticularly effective, as no significant difference was observed evenusing the fastest flow rate that was tested. While each columnindividually showed reasonable conversion, the combination of theglucoamylase and transglucosidase gave the highest hydrolysis ofoligosaccharides.

Thus, use of an immobilized glucoamylase or transglucosidase, or bothtypes of immobilized enzymes, represents an effective technique tohydrolyze oligosaccharides containing alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkages, as well as leucrose. These results areconsistent with those of Example 2. Immobilization of otheralpha-glucosidase enzymes should give similar results.

Example 5 Enrichment of Fructose from a Glucan Reaction Filtrate byChromatography

This example discloses how fructose in a glucan reaction filtrate can befurther enriched through chromatography.

Generally, when separating sugar molecules by chromatography, componentselute inversely to molecular size so that the largest molecules elutefirst. Thus, with respect to a filtrate of a glucan synthesis reaction,oligosaccharides elute first, followed by disaccharides, and thenmonosaccharides. Separations using a sodium cation resin did notseparate fructose and glucose well, and all of leucrose, sucrose, andDP2 co-eluted. Use of ion exchange resins where the cation is calciumare preferred to separate glucose and fructose.

A filtrate of a glucan synthesis reaction was first prepared andconcentrated to a syrup according to the procedure outline in Example 1.The composition of this concentrated filtrate is provided in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Composition of a Concentrated Filtrate of a Glucan SynthesisReaction Sucrose Leucrose Glucose Fructose DP2 DP3+ Total g/L 126 202 93295 40 65 821 wt % 15.4 24.6 11.3 36.0 4.8 7.9 100

The syrup of Table 7 was filtered and diluted to 25 g dry solids/100 gsolution with ion-exchanged water, and fed to a column containing acrosslinked strong acid ion exchange resin in the calcium form. Thephysical parameters of this column appear in Table 8. Diluted syrup(15.8 L) was fed to the column, which was maintained at 65° C., afterwhich the column was eluted using water at a flow rate of 30 L/hr.

TABLE 8 Physical Parameters of the Column Resin Type FINEX CS11GC Ionform Ca²⁺ Crosslinking, % divinyl benzene 5.5 Particle size (mm) 0.34Bed length (m) 5.0 Column diameter (m) 0.225Bed length (m) 5.0

In this separation, leucrose remained in the column longer than sucrose,perhaps due to complexation of leucrose with the calcium cation, and infact, co-eluted with glucose. Two fractions containing fructose wereisolated. Fraction 5.1 eluted between 47 and 120 minutes, and fraction5.2 eluted between 120 and 172 minutes. Of the fructose fed to thechromatographic separation, 95.7% of the fructose was isolated in >90%purity. The product distribution in each fraction (5.1 and 5.2) asmeasured by HPLC appears in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Product Distribution of Chromatographic Fractions ContainingSignificant Amounts of Fructose % Fruc- tose Frac- Su- Glu- Fruc- recov-tion crose Leucrose cose tose DP3+ Others Total ered 5.1 31.9 34.8 20.83.9 5.4 4.8 100 3.9 5.2 0.0 1.0 0.8 97.7 0.0 0.6 100 95.7

As the feed composition for this separation comprised 36.0% fructose, atotal of 34.5% of the total stream was recovered as a fructose syrupwith >90 wt % DS fructose. If the sucrose in the feed is neglected,40.7% of the sugars were recovered as a fructose syrup with >90 wt % DSfructose.

Thus, fructose in a glucan reaction filtrate can be further enrichedthrough chromatography. Example 6 below demonstrates that this processcan be enhanced using glucan filtrate hydrolyzed with atransglucosidase.

Example 6 Enrichment of Fructose from a Hydrolyzed Glucan ReactionFiltrate by Chromatography

This example demonstrates that fructose isolation from a glucan filtratein which the oligosaccharides and leucrose have been hydrolyzed resultsin an increased yield of high purity fructose syrup compared to whenisolating fructose from a non-hydrolyzed glucan filtrate.

A syrup was prepared by concentrating (vacuum at 50° C.) a glucanfiltrate that had been treated with 1 vol % of transglucosidase TGL-2000 (SEQ ID NO:1) for 24 hr at 60° C. and pH 4.5. Someoligosaccharide formation was observed during the concentration process,which was expected since transglucosidase enzymes are known to createoligosaccharides at high concentrations of monosaccharides. The syruphad the final product distribution described in Table A.

TABLE A Composition of a Concentrated Glucan Filtrate that WasHydrolyzed before Concentration Sucrose Leucrose Glucose Fructose DP2DP3+ Total g/L 3 <10 294 409 73 81 ~870 wt % 0.3 1.1 33.7 47.0 8.4 9.3100

The syrup described in Table A was filtered and diluted to 25.4 g DS/100g solution with ion-exchanged water and was fed to a column containing acrosslinked strong acid cation exchange resin in the calcium form. Thephysical parameters of the column appear in Table B. Diluted syrup (169g) was then fed to the column, which was maintained at 65° C., afterwhich the column was eluted using water at a flow rate of 50 mL/min.

TABLE B Physical Parameters of the Column Resin Type FINEX CS11GC Ionform Ca²⁺ Crosslinking, % divinyl benzene 5.5 Particle size (mm) 0.34Bed length (m) 1.69 Column diameter (m) 0.093

Two fractions containing fructose were isolated. Fraction 6.1 elutedbetween 73 and 103 minutes, and fraction 6.2 eluted between 103 and 120minutes. Of the fructose fed to the chromatographic separation, 93.0% ofthe fructose fed to the column was isolated in fraction 6.2 in >90%purity. The product distribution in each fraction (6.1 and 6.2) asmeasured by HPLC appears in Table C.

TABLE C Product Distribution of Chromatographic Fractions ContainingFructose from a Hydrolyzed Glucan Filtrate % Fruc- tose Frac- Su- Glu-Fruc- recov- tion crose Leucrose cose tose DP3+ Others Total ered 6.17.7 13.9 63.9 7.3 1.5 5.7 100 5.9 6.2 0.0 0.6 3.0 91.8 0.0 4.6 100 93.0

The reduced separation efficiency in this example compared to Example 5can be attributed to differences in the scale of the column and thehigher glucose fraction of the sample. Even so, chromatographicpurification of this material resulted in an increased yield of highpurity fructose syrup compared to that achieved in Example 5, in whichsyrup was chromatographically prepared from a glucan filtrate that hadnot been hydrolyzed by a transglucosidase. As the feed composition forthis separation comprised 47% fructose (Table A), 43.7% of the totalstream was recovered as a fructose syrup with >90 wt % DS fructose. This43.7% recovery is significantly better than the 34.5% recovery inExample 5.

Thus, fructose isolation from a glucan filtrate that has been hydrolyzedwith transglucosidase results in an increased yield of fructose comparedto when isolating fructose from a non-hydrolyzed glucan filtrate.

Example 7 Production of Ethanol by Fermenting a Filtrate of a GlucanSynthesis Reaction

This example discloses yeast fermentation of glucan filtrate to ethanol.

Yeast (S. cerevisiae) cream (Tonon mill, Brazil) was washed bysuspending the cream in tap water (2.4 L, optical density of 65 at 600nm) and then centrifuging the yeast cream for 5 minutes using a LEGENDXTR centrifuge (Thermo Scientific) at 4500 g. After decanting thesupernatant, the yeast cells were resuspended and concentrated bycentrifugation two additional times. After the third wash, the pH wasadjusted to 2 by addition of 5 wt % sulfuric acid. The optical densitywas measured using a GENESYS 20 4001 spectrophotometer (ThermoScientific) and adjusted to 100 at 600 nm by addition of tap water. Theadjusted yeast cream (1.5 L) was added to a 7.5-L BIOFLO310 fermentervessel (New Brunswick). The fermenter was set to maintain temperature at30° C. and agitation at 100 rpm. Although pH was measured duringfermentation, it was not controlled by the addition of acid or basesolutions.

A feed solution containing yeast extract (10 g/L), peptone (20 g/L), and200 g/L of sugars from a glucan filtrate was prepared and sterilizedusing a PHOENIX AV-250 PLUS autoclave at 121° C. for 15 minutes. Thefeed solution was allowed to cool to 25° C. (room temperature) beforethe fermentation began. The sterilized feed solution (3.5 L) was addedto the fermenter over approximately 5 hours at a rate of 684 mL/hr, andthe fermentation was allowed to proceed for 22 hours.

Periodic samples were taken during the fermentation and analyzed foroptical density using a GENESYS 20 4001 spectrophotometer, Brix using aPAL-3 refractometer (Atago), and sugar and ethanol concentrations byHPLC (General Methods). These results are summarized in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Feed and Time Course Fermentation Profiles for the FirstEthanol Fermentation Time Fruc- Total (hr) Sucrose Leucrose Glucose toseDP2 DP3+ Sugar EtOH Feed 9 70 19 76 7 19 200 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 — — — 71 <1 18 0.3 <1 — — — 15 2 <1 30 0.4 <1 — — — 21 3 <1 40 0.0 <1 — — — 254 <1 46 0.0 <1 — — — 28 5 <1 49 0.0 <1 — — — 29 6 <1 53 0.0 <1 — — — 328 <1 53 0.0 <1 — — — 33 22  <1 53 0.0 <1 5 18  76 33 Concentrations(g/L) of ethanol (EtOH) and sugar compounds in the feed and at variousfermentation time points (0-22 hours) are listed.

When the fermentation was over, the yeast cells were separated bycentrifugation using a LEGEND XTR centrifuge at 4500 g for 5 minutes.After decanting the supernatant, the yeast were resuspended andconcentrated by centrifugation two additional times. After the thirdwash, the pH was adjusted to 2 by addition of 5 wt % sulfuric acid. Theoptical density was measured using a GENESYS 20 4001 spectrophotometerand adjusted to 100 at 600 nm by addition of tap water. Two additionalfermentation cycles, each using fresh feed, were performed usingrecycled yeast cells from the previous fermentation following the sameconditions described above. The fermentation results obtained usingfirst-time and second-time recycled yeast are provided in Tables 11 and12, respectively.

TABLE 11 Feed and Time Course Fermentation Profiles Using the FirstRecycle of Yeast Cells Time Fruc- Total (hr) Sucrose Leucrose Glucosetose DP2 DP3+ Sugar EtOH Feed 13 69 21 77 7 18 206 0 0 0 4 0 0 — — — 5 1<1 19 0 <1 — — — 18 4 <1 35 0 <1 — — — 23 4 <1 40 0 <1 — — — 26 5 <1 450 <1 — — — 29 6 <1 53 0 <1 — — — 32 7 <1 50 0 <1 — — — 32 7 <1 51 0 <1 —— — 33 21  <1 42 0 <1 6 18  65 37 Concentrations (g/L) of ethanol (EtOH)and sugar compounds in the feed and at various fermentation time points(0-21 hours) are listed.

TABLE 12 Feed and Time Course Fermentation Profiles Using the SecondRecycle of Yeast Cells Time Fruc- Total (hr) Sucrose Leucrose Glucosetose DP2 DP3+ Sugar EtOH Feed 10 70 19 76 6 19 201 0 0 <1 0 0 <1 — — —11 1 <1 32 0 <1 — — — 24 4 <1 40 0 <1 — — — 29 4 <1 45 0 <1 — — — 31 5<1 46 0 <1 — — — 33 6 <1 45 0 <1 — — — 34 6 <1 16 0 <1 — — — 48 7 <1 7 0<1 — — — 52 21  <1 5 0 <1 5 16  27 54 Concentrations (g/L) of ethanol(EtOH) and sugar compounds in the feed and at various fermentation timepoints (0-21 hours) are listed.

Very little leucrose was consumed in the first fermentation, althoughthe yeast cells started to acclimate and consume leucrose by the secondrecycle. Ethanol fermentation titers increased from 33 g/L (Table 10, 22hours) to 54 g/L (Table 12, 21 hours) after three fermentation cycleswith recycled yeast, although significant amounts of leucrose werepresent in the medium, even after the last cycle.

Thus, glucan filtrate can be used in a fermentation process to produceethanol.

Example 8 Production of Ethanol by Fermenting Hydrolyzed Glucan Filtrate

This example demonstrates that fermenting a glucan filtrate in which theleucrose and oligosaccharide byproduct components have previously beensaccharified results in increased ethanol yields.

Fermentations were performed following the procedure outlined in Example7, but using a glucan filtrate that was previously treated with atransglucosidase (TG L-2000, SEQ ID NO:1). Hydrolyzed glucan filtratewas prepared as follows. Glucan filtrate was adjusted to 300 g sugars/Land then the pH was adjusted to 4.0 using 1.0 M sodium hydroxide and 5wt % sulfuric acid. The final volume of this preparation was 6.75 L. Thefiltrate solution was then sterilized using a PHOENIX AV-250 PLUSautoclave at 121° C. for 15 minutes, and then the temperature wasadjusted to 60° C. TG L-2000 enzyme extract as described in Table 4 (135mL) was mixed with the sterilized filtrate and the solution wasincubated in an incubator-shaker (IKA KS4000) at 60° C. and 100 rpm for72 hours. Hydrolyzed glucan filtrate was thus prepared.

Yeast (S. cerevisiae) cream (Bom Retiro mill, Brazil) was washed bysuspending the cream in tap water (2.4 L, optical density of 65 at 600nm) and then centrifuging the yeast cream for 5 minutes using a LEGENDXTR centrifuge at 4500 g. After decanting the supernatant, the yeastwere resuspended and concentrated by centrifugation two additionaltimes. After the third wash, the pH was adjusted to 4.5 by addition of 5wt % sulfuric acid and the optical density was measured using a GENESYS20 4001 spectrophotometer and adjusted to 100 at 600 nm by addition oftap water. The adjusted yeast cream (1.5 L) was added to a 7.5-LBIOFLO310 fermenter vessel. The fermenter was set to maintaintemperature at 30° C., agitation at 100 rpm, and pH at 4.5 using 4 Maqueous ammonium hydroxide or 5 wt % aqueous sulfuric acid.

A feed solution containing yeast extract (10 g/L), peptone (20 g/L), and200 g/L of sugars from the hydrolyzed filtrate was prepared andsterilized using a PHOENIX AV-250 Plus autoclave at 121° C. for 15minutes. The feed solution was allowed to cool to 25° C. (roomtemperature) before the fermentation began. The sterilized feed solution(3.5 L) was added to the fermenter over approximately 5 hours at a rateof 684 mL/hr, and the fermentation was allowed to proceed for 22 hours.

Periodic samples were taken during the fermentation and analyzed foroptical density using a GENESYS 20 4001 spectrophotometer, Brix using aPAL-3 refractometer, and sugar and ethanol concentrations by HPLC(General Methods). These results are summarized in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Feed and Time Course Fermentation Profiles for the FirstEthanol Fermentation Using Hydrolyzed Glucan Filtrate Time Fruc- Total(hr) Sucrose Leucrose Glucose tose DP2 DP3+ Sugar EtOH Feed 7 4 65 97 113 186 0 0 0 0 0 0 — — — 7 1 <1 1 <1 <1 — — — 20 2 <1 3 <1 <1 — — — 32 3<1 4 <1 <1 — — — 40 4 <1 4 <1 <1 — — — 49 5 <1 4 <1 <1 — — — 53 6 <1 5<1 <1 — — — 55 8 <1 5 <1 <1 — — — 57 22  <1 5 <1 <1  8 3  16 54Concentrations (g/L) of ethanol (EtOH) and sugar compounds in the feedand at various fermentation time points (0-22 hours) are listed.

When the fermentation was over, the yeast cells were separated bycentrifugation using a LEGEND XTR centrifuge at 4500 g for 5 minutes.After decanting the supernatant, the yeast cells were resuspended andconcentrated by centrifugation two additional times. After the thirdwash, the pH was adjusted to 2 by addition of 5 wt % sulfuric acid. Theoptical density was measured using a GENESYS 20 4001 spectrophotometerand adjusted to 100 at 600 nm by addition of tap water. Two additionalfermentation cycles, each using fresh feed, were performed usingrecycled yeast cells from the previous fermentation following the sameconditions described above. The fermentation results obtained usingfirst-time and second-time recycled yeast cells are provided in Tables14 and 15, respectively.

TABLE 14 Feed and Time Course Fermentation Profiles Using the FirstRecycle of Yeast Cells with Hydrolyzed Glucan Filtrate Time Fruc- Total(hr) Sucrose Leucrose Glucose tose DP2 DP3+ Sugar EtOH Feed 7 4 69 104 74 194 0 0 <1 0 <1 <1 — — — 10 1 <1 7 <1 <1 — — — 25 4 <1 5 <1 <1 — — —39 4 <1 4 <1 <1 — — — 45 5 <1 5 <1 <1 — — — 51 6 <1 5 <1 <1 — — — 57 6.2<1 5 <1 <1 — — — 60 7 <1 5 <1 <1 — — — 59 21 <1 5 <1 <1 9 5  19 58Concentrations (g/L) of ethanol (EtOH) and sugar compounds in the feedand at various fermentation time points (0-21 hours) are listed.

TABLE 15 Feed and Time Course Fermentation Profiles Using the SecondRecycle of Yeast Cells with Hydrolyzed Glucan Filtrate Time Fruc- Total(hr) Sucrose Leucrose Glucose tose DP2 DP3+ Sugar EtOH Feed 7 4 70 105 75 197 0 0 0 0 0 0 — — — 10 1 <1 7 <1 <1 — — — 25 3.5 <1 5 <1 <1 — — — 394 <1 4 <1 <1 — — — 45 5 <1 5 <1 <1 — — — 51 6 <1 5 <1 <1 — — — 57 6.2 <15 <1 <1 — — — 60 7 <1 5 <1 <1 — — — 59 21 <1 5 <1 <1 9 5  19 58Concentrations (g/L) of ethanol (EtOH) and sugar compounds in the feedand at various fermentation time points (0-21 hours) are listed.

All of the fermentations were essentially complete within about sixhours of initiating fermentation, and resulted in ethanol titers of57-60.0 g/L. Comparing these fermentations with those in Example 7demonstrates that hydrolyzing a glucan filtrate before subjecting it tofermentation results in faster and greater ethanol yields than thoseobtained from fermentations using non-hydrolyzed glucan filtrate.

Thus, fermenting a glucan filtrate in which the leucrose andoligosaccharide byproduct components have been saccharified results inincreased ethanol yields at faster rates. This saccharification can bedone using a transglucosidase, for example.

Example 9 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of a GlucanFiltrate Solution

This example discloses that simultaneous saccharification andfermentation of a feed containing glucan filtrate can result in enhancedfermentation properties.

Yeast (S. cerevisiae) cream (Bom Retiro mill, Brazil) was washed bysuspending the cream in tap water (2.4 L, optical density of 65 at 600nm) and then centrifuging the yeast cream for 5 minutes using a LEGENDXTR centrifuge at 4500 g. After decanting the supernatant, the yeastcells were resuspended and concentrated by centrifugation two additionaltimes. After the third wash, the pH was adjusted to 4.5 by addition of 5wt % sulfuric acid and the optical density was measured using a GENESYS20 4001 spectrophotometer and adjusted to 100 at 600 nm by addition oftap water. The adjusted yeast cream (1.5 L) was added to a 7.5-LBIOFLO310 fermenter vessel. The fermenter was set to maintaintemperature at 30° C., agitation at 100 rpm, and pH at 4.5 using 4 Maqueous ammonium hydroxide or 5 wt % aqueous sulfuric acid.

A feed solution containing yeast extract (10 g/L), peptone (20 g/L), and200 g/L of sugars from a glucan filtrate was prepared and sterilizedusing a PHOENIX AV-250 PLUS autoclave at 121° C. for 15 minutes. Thefeed solution was allowed to cool to 25° C. (room temperature) beforethe fermentation began. TG L-2000 transglucosidase enzyme extract asdescribed in Table 4 (1% v/v) was added to the sterilized feed solutionimmediately before adding the solution to the fermenter. The feedsolution (3.5 L) containing TG L-2000 enzyme was added to the fermenterover approximately 5 hours at 684 mL/hr, and the fermentation wasallowed to proceed for 48 hours.

Periodic samples were taken during the fermentation and analyzed foroptical density using a GENESYS 20 4001 spectrophotometer, Brix using aPAL-3 refractometer (Atago), and sugar and ethanol concentrations byHPLC (General Methods). These results are summarized in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Feed and Time Course Fermentation Profiles for SimultaneousSaccharification and Ethanol Fermentation of Glucan Filtrate Time Fruc-Total (hr) Sucrose Leucrose Glucose tose DP2 DP3+ Sugar EtOH Feed 7 8212 79 6 20 206  0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0  0 2 1 <1 13 <1 3 — — — 11 2 <1 21 <1 4— — — 30 3 <1 21 <1 3 — — — 38 4 <1 20 <1 3 11  16 50 43 5 <1 14 <1 2 —— — 45 6 <1 <1 <1 2 — — — 59 22 <1 <1 <1 1 — — — 62 25 <1 <1 <1 <1 — — —63 27 <1 <1 <1 <1 — — — 63 31 <1 <1 <1 <1 — — — 57 46 <1 <1 <1 <1 — — —57 48 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 11 12 62 Concentrations (g/L) of ethanol (EtOH) andsugar compounds in the feed and at various fermentation time points(0-48 hours) are listed.

The fermentation was nominally complete in 6 hours, similar to thefermentations where the filtrate was hydrolyzed prior to thefermentation step (Example 8), and gave a slightly superior titer ofethanol (62 g/L) compared to using unhydrolyzed filtrate (Example 7). Inaddition, almost all of the leucrose was consumed by 6 hours (compareTable 16 with Tables 13-15). In addition to adding a saccharifyingenzyme, such as TG L-2000, to a feed containing glucan filtrate justprior to fermentation, similar results should be obtained if thesaccharifying enzyme is added to the fermentation directly.

Thus, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of a feedcontaining glucan filtrate can result in enhanced fermentationproperties such as increased (i) consumption of glucan filtratecomponents (e.g., leucrose) and (ii) ethanol yield and rate ofproduction.

Example 10 Preparation of Various Alpha-Glucosidases

This example discloses preparing various alpha-glucosidases in additionto those alpha-glucosidases (transglucosidase, glucoamylase, DIAZYME RDFULTRA) used in some of the foregoing Examples. These additionalalpha-glucosidases were tested for hydrolytic activity againstoligosaccharides comprising alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages oralpha-1,3 and/or alpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages in Examples 11, 12,15 and 16 provided below.

Discovery of an Aspergillus clavatus Alpha-Glucosidase (Aclglu1)

A strain of Aspergillus clavatus was selected as a potential source ofother enzymes that may be useful in various industrial applications. Oneof the genes identified in Aspergillus clavatus encodes analpha-glucosidase and the sequence of this gene, called “Aclglu1”, isprovided in SEQ ID NO:4. The corresponding protein encoded by SEQ IDNO:4 is provided in SEQ ID NO:5. Aclglu1 belongs to Glycosyl hydrolasefamily 31 based on a PFAM search (pfam.sanger.ac.uk web link). At theN-terminus, the protein (SEQ ID NO:5) has a signal peptide with a lengthof 19 amino acids as predicted by SignalP version 4.0 (Nordahl Petersenet al., 2011, Nature Methods, 8:785-786). The presence of a signalsequence suggests that Aclglu1 is a secreted enzyme. The amino acidsequence of the predicted mature form of Aclglu1 is set forth as SEQ IDNO:6.

Expression of Aspergillus clavatus Alpha-Glucosidase Aclglu1

A synthetic Aclglu1 gene was cloned into pTrex3gM expression vector(described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0136197, incorporatedherein by reference) and the resulting plasmid was designated as pJG294.The sequence of the Aclglu1 gene was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Plasmid pJG294 was transformed into a quad deleted Trichoderma reeseistrain (described in WO05/001036) using a biolistic method (Te'o V S etal., J Microbiol Methods, 51:393-9, 2002). The protein, which waspredicted to comprise SEQ ID NO:6, was secreted into the extracellularmedium and filtered culture medium was used to perform SDS-PAGE andalpha-glucosidase activity assays to confirm enzyme expression.

Discovery of Neosartorya fischeri alpha-glucosidase Nfiglu1

A strain of Neosartorya fischeri was selected as a potential source ofother enzymes that may be useful in various industrial applications. Oneof the genes identified in Neosartorya fischeri encodes analpha-glucosidase and the sequence of this gene, called “Nfiglu1”, isprovided in SEQ ID NO:7. The corresponding protein encoded by SEQ IDNO:7 is provided in SEQ ID NO:8. Nfiglu1 belongs to Glycosyl hydrolasefamily 31 based on a PFAM search (pfam.sanger.ac.uk web link). At theN-terminus, the protein (SEQ ID NO:8) has a signal peptide with a lengthof 19 amino acids as predicted by SignalP version 4.0 (Nordahl Petersenet al., 2011, Nature Methods, 8:785-786). The presence of a signalsequence suggests that Nfiglu1 is a secreted enzyme. The amino acidsequence of the predicted mature form of Nfiglu1 is set forth as SEQ IDNO: 9.

Expression of Neosartorya fischeri Alpha-Glucosidase Nfiglu1

A synthetic Nfiglu1 gene was cloned into pTrex3gM expression vector(described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0136197) and theresulting plasmid was designated as pJG295. The sequence of the Nfiglu1gene was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Plasmid pJG295 was transformed into a quad deleted Trichoderma reeseistrain (described in WO05/001036) using a biolistic method (Te'o V S etal., J Microbiol Methods, 51:393-9, 2002). The protein, which waspredicted to comprise SEQ ID NO:9, was secreted into the extracellularmedium and filtered culture medium was used to perform SDS-PAGE andalpha-glucosidase activity assays to confirm enzyme expression.

Discovery of Neurospora crassa Alpha-Glucosidase Ncrglu1

A strain of Neurospora crassa was selected as a potential source ofother enzymes that may be useful in various industrial applications. Oneof the genes identified in Neurospora crassa encodes analpha-glucosidase and the sequence of this gene, called “Ncrglu1”, isprovided in SEQ ID NO:10. The corresponding protein encoded by SEQ IDNO:10 is provided in SEQ ID NO:11. Ncrglu1 belongs to Glycosyl hydrolasefamily 31 based on a PFAM search (pfam.sanger.ac.uk web link). At theN-terminus, the protein (SEQ ID NO:11) has a signal peptide with alength of 22 amino acids as predicted by SignalP version 4.0 (NordahlPetersen et al., 2011, Nature Methods, 8:785-786). The presence of asignal sequence suggests that Ncrglu1 is a secreted enzyme. The aminoacid sequence of the predicted mature form of Ncrglu1 is set forth asSEQ ID NO:12.

Expression of Neurospora crassa Alpha-Glucosidase Ncrglu1

A synthetic Ncrglu1 gene was cloned into pTrex3gM expression vector(described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0136197) and theresulting plasmid was designated as pJG296. The sequence of the Ncrglu1gene was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Plasmid pJG296 was transformed into a quad deleted Trichoderma reeseistrain (described in WO05/1001036) using a biolistic method (Te'o V S etal., J Microbiol Methods, 51:393-399, 2002). The protein, which waspredicted to comprise SEQ ID NO:12, was secreted into the extracellularmedium and filtered culture medium was used to perform SDS-PAGE andalpha-glucosidase activity assays to confirm enzyme expression.

Discovery of Rasamsonia composticola Alpha-Glucosidase TauSec098

A strain of Rasamsonia composticola was selected as a potential sourceof other enzymes that may be useful in various industrial applications.One of the genes identified in Rasamsonia composticola encodes analpha-glucosidase and the sequence of this gene, called “TauSec098”, isprovided in SEQ ID NO:13. The corresponding protein encoded by SEQ IDNO:13 is provided in SEQ ID NO:14. TauSec098 belongs to Glycosylhydrolase family 31 and contains an N-terminal CBM 20 domain based on aPFAM search (pfam.sanger.ac.uk web link). At the N-terminus, the protein(SEQ ID NO:14) has a signal peptide with a length of 22 amino acids aspredicted by SignalP version 4.0 (Nordahl Petersen et al., 2011, NatureMethods, 8:785-786). The presence of a signal sequence suggests thatTauSec098 is a secreted enzyme. The amino acid sequence of the predictedmature form of TauSec098 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:15.

Expression of Rasamsonia composticola Alpha-Glucosidase TauSec098

A synthetic TauSec098 gene was cloned into the Trichoderma reeseiexpression vector pGXT (a pTTT-derived plasmid) by Generay Biotech Co.(Shanghai, China) and the resulting plasmid was designated aspGX256-TauSec098. The sequence of the TauSec098 gene was confirmed byDNA sequencing.

Plasmid pGX256-TauSec098 was transformed into a quad-deleted Trichodermareesei strain (described in WO05/001036) using protoplast transformation(Te'o et al., J. Microbiol. Methods 51:393-399, 2002). Transformantswere selected on a medium containing acetamide as a sole source ofnitrogen (acetamide 0.6 g/L; cesium chloride 1.68 g/L; glucose 20 g/L;potassium dihydrogen phosphate 15 g/L; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate0.6 g/L; calcium chloride dihydrate 0.6 g/L; iron (II) sulfate 5 mg/L;zinc sulfate 1.4 mg/L; cobalt (II) chloride 1 mg/L; manganese (II)sulfate 1.6 mg/L; agar 20 g/L; pH 4.25). Transformed colonies (about50-100) appeared in about 1 week. After growth on acetamide plates, thespores of transformants were collected and transferred into newacetamide agar plates. After 5 days of growth on acetamide plates, 1×10⁸spores were inoculated into 30 ml Glucose/Sophorose defined media in a250-mL shake flask. The shake flask was shook at 28° C. for 5 days.Supernatants from these cultures were used to confirm expression (SDSPAGE) and activity of mature TauSec098 enzyme (SEQ ID NO:15).

Discovery of Rasamsonia composticola Alpha-Glucosidase TauSec099

A strain of Rasamsonia composticola was selected as a potential sourceof other enzymes that may be useful in various industrial applications.One of the genes identified in Rasamsonia composticola encodes analpha-glucosidase and the sequence of this gene, called “TauSec099”, isprovided in SEQ ID NO:16. The corresponding protein encoded by SEQ IDNO:16 is provided in SEQ ID NO:17. TauSec099 belongs to Glycosylhydrolase family 31 based on a PFAM search (pfam.sanger.ac.uk web link).At the N-terminus, the protein (SEQ ID NO:17) has a signal peptide witha length of 17 amino acids as predicted by SignalP version 4.0 (NordahlPetersen et al., 2011, Nature Methods, 8:785-786). The presence of asignal sequence suggests that TauSec099 is a secreted enzyme. The aminoacid sequence of the predicted mature form of TauSec099 is set forth asSEQ ID NO:18.

Expression of Rasamsonia composticola Alpha-Glucosidase TauSec099

A synthetic TauSec099 gene was cloned into the Trichoderma reeseiexpression vector pGXT (a pTTT-derived plasmid) by Generay Biotech Co.(Shanghai, China) and the resulting plasmid was designated aspGX256-TauSec099. The sequence of the TauSec0998 gene was confirmed byDNA sequencing.

Plasmid pGX256-TauSec099 was transformed into a quad-deleted Trichodermareesei strain (described in WO05/001036) using protoplast transformation(Te'o et al., J. Microbiol. Methods 51:393-399, 2002). Transformantswere selected on a medium containing acetamide as a sole source ofnitrogen (acetamide 0.6 g/L; cesium chloride 1.68 g/L; glucose 20 g/L;potassium dihydrogen phosphate 15 g/L; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate0.6 g/L; calcium chloride dihydrate 0.6 g/L; iron (II) sulfate 5 mg/L;zinc sulfate 1.4 mg/L; cobalt (II) chloride 1 mg/L; manganese (II)sulfate 1.6 mg/L; agar 20 g/L; pH 4.25). Transformed colonies (about50-100) appeared in about 1 week. After growth on acetamide plates, thespores of transformants were collected and transferred into newacetamide agar plates. After 5 days of growth on acetamide plates, 1×10⁸spores were inoculated into 30 ml Glucose/Sophorose defined media in a250-mL shake flask. The shake flask was shook at 28° C. for 5 days.Supernatants from these cultures were used to confirm expression (SDSPAGE) and activity of mature TauSec099 enzyme (SEQ ID NO:18).

Sequences of Bifidobacterium longum alpha-glucosidase BloGlu1

An alpha-glucosidase gene, “BloGlu1”, was identified fromBifidobacterium longum subsp. longum JDM301. The nucleic acid sequencefor the BloGlu1 gene (SEQ ID NO:19, GENBANK Acc. No. NC014169.1,complement sequence from positions 140600 to 142414) and the amino acidsequence of the hypothetical protein (SEQ ID NO:20) encoded by SEQ IDNO:19 were found in GENBANK Acc. No. YP_(—)003660432.1.

Expression of Bifidobacterium longum Alpha-Glucosidase BloGlu1

The DNA sequence encoding the entire BloGlu1 protein (SEQ ID NO:20) wasoptimized for expression in B. subtilis, then synthesized (yielding SEQID NO:21) and inserted into the p3JM plasmid by Generay Biotech Co.(Shanghai, China), resulting in p3JM-BloGlu1. The p3JM-BloGlu1 plasmidcontains an aprE promoter to drive expression of the optimized BloGlu1sequence (SEQ ID NO:21).

Plasmid p3JM-BloGlu1 was used to transform B. subtilis cells (degUHy32,ΔnprB, Δvpr, Δepr, ΔscoC, ΔwprA, Δmpr, ΔispA, Δbpr), and the transformedcells were spread on Luria Agar plates supplemented with 5 ppmchloramphenicol. A colony with correct insertion, as confirmed by PCRand sequencing, was selected and subjected to fermentation in a 250-mLshake flask with MBD medium (a MOPS-based defined medium supplementedwith an additional 5 mM CaCl₂) to express BloGlu1 protein (SEQ IDNO:20).

Sequences of Bifidobacterium longum Alpha-Glucosidase BloGlu2

An alpha-glucosidase, BloGlu2, was identified from Bifidobacteriumlongum. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:22) of BloGlu2 was found inthe NCBI database (GENBANK Acc. No. WP_(—)007054665.1).

Expression of Bifidobacterium longum Alpha-Glucosidase BloGlu2

A DNA sequence encoding BloGlu2 protein was optimized for expression inB. subtilis, then synthesized (yielding SEQ ID NO:23) and inserted intothe p3JM plasmid by Generay Biotech Co., resulting in p3JM-BloGlu2. SEQID NO:23 encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24. Thep3JM-BloGlu2 plasmid contains an aprE promoter to drive expression ofthe optimized BloGlu2 sequence (SEQ ID NO:23).

Plasmid p3JM-BloGlu2 was used to transform B. subtilis cells (degUHy32,ΔnprB, Δvpr, Δepr, ΔscoC, ΔwprA, Δmpr, ΔispA, Δbpr), and the transformedcells were spread on Luria Agar plates supplemented with 5 ppmchloramphenicol. A colony with correct insertion, as confirmed by PCRand sequencing, was selected and subjected to fermentation in a 250-mLshake flask with MBD medium (a MOPS-based defined medium supplementedwith an additional 5 mM CaCl₂) to express BloGlu2 protein (SEQ IDNO:24).

Sequences of Bifidobacterium longum Alpha-Glucosidase BloGlu3

An alpha-glucosidase gene, “BloGlu3”, was identified fromBifidobacterium longum subsp. longum F8. The nucleic acid sequence forthe BloGlu3 gene (SEQ ID NO:25, GENBANK Acc. No. NC_(—)021008.1,positions 2130627 to 2132441), and the amino acid sequence of thehypothetical protein (SEQ ID NO:26) encoded by SEQ ID NO:25 were foundin GENBANK Acc. No. YP_(—)007768249.1.

Expression of Bifidobacterium longum Alpha-Glucosidase BloGlu3

The DNA sequence encoding the entire BloGlu3 protein (SEQ ID NO:26) wasoptimized for expression in B. subtilis, then synthesized (yielding SEQID NO:27) and inserted into the p3JM plasmid by Generay Biotech Co.,resulting in p3JM-BloGlu3. The p3JM-BloGlu3 plasmid contains an aprEpromoter to drive expression of the optimized BloGlu3 sequence (SEQ IDNO:27).

Plasmid p3JM-BloGlu3 was used to transform B. subtilis cells (degUHy32,ΔnprB, Δvpr, Δepr, ΔscoC, ΔwprA, Δmpr, ΔispA, Δbpr), and the transformedcells were spread on Luria Agar plates supplemented with 5 ppmchloramphenicol. A colony with correct insertion, as confirmed by PCRand sequencing, was selected and subjected to fermentation in a 250-mLshake flask with MBD medium (a MOPS-based defined medium supplementedwith an additional 5 mM CaCl₂) to express BloGlu3 protein (SEQ IDNO:26).

Sequences of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum Alpha-Glucosidase BpsGlu1

An alpha-glucosidase, BpsGlu1, was identified from Bifidobacteriumpseudolongum. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:28) of BpsGlu1 wasfound in the NCBI database (GENBANK Acc. No. WP_(—)022858408.1).

Expression of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum Alpha-Glucosidase BpsGlu1

A DNA sequence encoding BpsGlu1 protein was optimized for expression inB. subtilis, then synthesized (yielding SEQ ID NO:29) and inserted intothe p3JM plasmid by Generay Biotech Co., resulting in p3JM-BpsGlu1. SEQID NO:29 encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:30. Thep3JM-BpsGlu1 plasmid contains an aprE promoter to drive expression ofthe optimized BpsGlu1 sequence (SEQ ID NO:29)

Plasmid p3JM-BpsGlu1 was used to transform B. subtilis cells (degUHy32,ΔnprB, Δvpr, Δepr, ΔscoC, ΔwprA, Δmpr, ΔispA, Δbpr), and the transformedcells were spread on Luria Agar plates supplemented with 5 ppmchloramphenicol. A colony with correct insertion, as confirmed by PCRand sequencing, was selected and subjected to fermentation in a 250-mLshake flask with MBD medium (a MOPS-based defined medium supplementedwith an additional 5 mM CaCl₂) to express BpsGlu1 protein (SEQ IDNO:30).

Sequences of Bifidobacterium thermophilum Alpha-Glucosidase BthGlu1

An alpha-glucosidase gene, “BthGlu1”, was identified fromBifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67. The nucleic acid sequence of theBthGlu1 gene (SEQ ID NO:31, GENBANK Acc. No. NC_(—)020546.1, positions150690 to 152495), and the amino acid sequence of the hypotheticalprotein (SEQ ID NO:32) encoded by SEQ ID NO:31 were found in GENBANKAcc. No. YP_(—)007592840.1.

Expression of Bifidobacterium thermophilum Alpha-Glucosidase BthGlu1

The DNA sequence encoding the entire BthGlu1 protein (SEQ ID NO:32) wasoptimized for expression in B. subtilis, then synthesized (yielding SEQID NO:33) and inserted into the p3JM plasmid by Generay Biotech Co.,resulting in p3JM-BthGlu1. The p3JM-BthGlu1 plasmid contains an aprEpromoter to drive expression of the optimized BthGlu1 sequence (SEQ IDNO:33).

Plasmid p3JM-BthGlu1 was used to transform B. subtilis cells (degUHy32,ΔnprB, Δvpr, Δepr, ΔscoC, ΔwprA, Δmpr, ΔispA, Δbpr), and the transformedcells were spread on Luria Agar plates supplemented with 5 ppmchloramphenicol. A colony with correct insertion, as confirmed by PCRand sequencing, was selected and subjected to fermentation in a 250-mLshake flask with MBD medium (a MOPS-based defined medium supplementedwith an additional 5 mM CaCl₂) to express BthGlu1 protein (SEQ IDNO:32).

Sequences of Bifidobacterium breve Alpha-Glucosidase BbrGlu2

An alpha-glucosidase, BbrGlu2, was identified from Bifidobacteriumbreve. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:34) of BbrGlu2 was found inthe NCBI database (GENBANK Acc. No. WP_(—)003827971.1).

Expression of Bifidobacterium breve Alpha-Glucosidase BbrGlu2

A DNA sequence encoding BbrGlu2 protein was optimized for expression inB. subtilis, then synthesized (yielding SEQ ID NO:35) and inserted intothe p3JM plasmid by Generay Biotech Co., resulting in p3JM-BbrGlu2. SEQID NO:35 encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:36. Thep3JM-BbrGlu2 plasmid contains an aprE promoter to drive expression ofthe optimized BbrGlu2 sequence (SEQ ID NO:35)

Plasmid p3JM-BbrGlu2 was used to transform B. subtilis cells (degUHy32,ΔnprB, Δvpr, Δepr, ΔscoC, ΔwprA, Δmpr, ΔispA, Δbpr), and the transformedcells were spread on Luria Agar plates supplemented with 5 ppmchloramphenicol. A colony with correct insertion, as confirmed by PCRand sequencing, was selected and subjected to fermentation in a 250-mLshake flask with MBD medium (a MOPS-based defined medium supplementedwith an additional 5 mM CaCl₂) to express SEQ ID NO:36.

Sequences of Bifidobacterium breve Alpha-Glucosidase BbrGlu5

An alpha-glucosidase gene, “BbrGlu5”, was identified fromBifidobacterium breve ACS-071-V-Sch8b. The nucleic acid sequence of theBbrGlu5 gene (SEQ ID NO:37, GENBANK Acc. No. NC_(—)017218.1, complementof sequence from positions 2241075 to 2242895), and the amino acidsequence of the hypothetical protein (SEQ ID NO:38) encoded by SEQ IDNO:37 were found in GENBANK Acc. No. YP_(—)005583701.1.

Expression of Bifidobacterium breve Alpha-Glucosidase BbrGlu5

The DNA sequence encoding the entire BbrGlu5 protein (SEQ ID NO:38) wasoptimized for expression in B. subtilis, then synthesized (yielding SEQID NO:39) and inserted into the p3JM plasmid by Generay Biotech Co.,resulting in p3JM-BbrGlu5. The p3JM-BbrGlu5 plasmid contains an aprEpromoter to drive expression of the optimized BbrGlu5 sequence (SEQ IDNO:39).

Plasmid p3JM-BbrGlu5 was used to transform B. subtilis cells (degUHy32,ΔnprB, Δvpr, Δepr, ΔscoC, ΔwprA, Δmpr, ΔispA, Δbpr), and the transformedcells were spread on Luria Agar plates supplemented with 5 ppmchloramphenicol. A colony with correct insertion, as confirmed by PCRand sequencing, was selected and subjected to fermentation in a 250-mLshake flask with MBD medium (a MOPS-based defined medium supplementedwith an additional 5 mM CaCl₂) to express BbrGlu5 protein (SEQ IDNO:38).

Purification of Alpha-Glucosidases from Expression Cultures

AclGlu1 and NcrGlu1

Both AclGlu1 (SEQ ID NO:6) and NcrGlu1 (SEQ ID NO:12) alpha-glucosidaseswere purified using two chromatography steps. For each purification, thecrude broth from the shake flask was concentrated, after which ammoniumsulfate was added to a final concentration of 2 M. The solution wasloaded onto a 50-mL phenyl HP column pre-equilibrated with 20 mM Tris pH8.0, 2 M ammonium sulfate. The target protein (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ IDNO:12) was eluted from the column with 1 M ammonium sulfate, 20 mM TrispH 8.0. Respective fractions were pooled, concentrated andbuffer-exchanged into 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 (buffer A), using a VIVAFLOW 200ultrafiltration device (Sartorius Stedim). The resulting solution wasapplied to a 40-mL Q HP column pre-equilibrated with buffer A. Thetarget protein was eluted from the column with 0.3 M NaCl in buffer A.The fractions containing target protein were then pooled andconcentrated using 10K AMICON ULTRA-15 devices, and stored in 40%glycerol at −20° C. until usage.

NfiGlu1

NfiGlu1 alpha-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO:9) was purified using twohydrophobic interaction chromatography steps. The crude broth from theshake flask was concentrated, after which ammonium sulfate was added toa final concentration of 1 M. The solution was loaded onto a 50-mLphenyl HP column pre-equilibrated with 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1 M ammoniumsulfate. The target protein (SEQ ID NO:9) flowed through the column.Flow-through fractions were pooled, after which ammonium sulfate wasadded to a final concentration of 2 M. The solution was loaded onto thesame phenyl HP column pre-equilibrated with mM Tris pH 8.0, 2 M ammoniumsulfate. The target protein was eluted from the column with 1 M ammoniumsulfate, 20 mM Tris pH 8.0. The fractions containing target protein werethen pooled and concentrated using 10K AMICON ULTRA-15 devices, andstored in 40% glycerol at −20° C. until usage.

TauSec098 and TauSec099

Both TauSec098 (SEQ ID NO:15) and TauSec099 (SEQ ID NO:18)alpha-glucosidases were purified via hydrophobic interactionchromatography. For each purification, ammonium sulphate was added toabout 180 mL of concentrated crude broth from a 7-L fermenter to a finalconcentration of 1 M. This solution was then loaded onto a 50-mL HIPREPphenyl-FF Sepharose column (GE Healthcare) pre-equilibrated with 20 mMsodium acetate pH 5.0, 1 M ammonium sulphate (buffer A). After washingwith the same buffer with three column volumes (CVs), the column waseluted stepwise with 75%, 50% and 0% buffer A using three CVs each,followed by two CVs of MILLIQ H₂O. All fractions were analyzed bySDS-PAGE. The target protein (SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQ ID NO:18) was mainlypresent in the flow-through fraction, which was concentrated andbuffer-exchanged to remove excess ammonium sulfate using 10 KDa AMICONULTRA-15 devices. The final product, which was greater than 90% pure,was stored in 40% glycerol at −80° C. until usage.

BloGlu1. BloGlu2 and BloGlu3

BloGlu1 (SEQ ID NO:20), BloGlu2 (SEQ ID NO:24) and BloGlu3 (SEQ IDNO:26) alpha-glucosidases were all purified in three steps. For eachpurification, the crude broth from a 1-L DASGIP fermenter wasconcentrated, after which ammonium sulfate was added to 60% saturation.The solution was stirred at 4° C. for 1 hr, and then centrifuged at8000×g for 30 min. The resulting pellet was re-suspended in 20 mM TrispH 8.0 (buffer A). Ammonium sulfate was added to the resulting solutionto a final concentration of 1 M; this preparation was then loaded onto a40-mL HiPrep™ Phenyl FF column pre-equilibrated with 20 mM Tris pH 8.0,1 M ammonium sulfate (buffer B). After washing, the column was elutedstepwise with 75%, 50%, and 0% buffer B and H₂O in three column volumeseach. All fractions were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and activity assays.The fractions containing target protein (SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:24, orSEQ ID NO:26) were pooled, concentrated and subsequently loaded onto aHiLoad™ 26/60 Superdex™ 75 column pre-equilibrated with 20 mM sodiumphosphate pH 7.0, 0.15 M NaCl. Flow-through fractions containing thetarget protein were then pooled and concentrated using 10K AMICONULTRA-15 devices, and stored in 40% glycerol at −20° C. until usage.

BpsGlu1 and BthGlu1

Both BpsGlu1 (SEQ ID NO:30) and BthGlu1 (SEQ ID NO:32)alpha-glucosidases were purified in two steps. For each purification,the crude broth from a 1-L DASGIP fermenter was concentrated, afterwhich ammonium sulfate was added to 60% saturation. The solution wasstirred at 4° C. for 1 hr, and then centrifuged at 8000×g for 30 min.The resulting pellet was re-suspended in 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 (buffer A).Ammonium sulfate was added to the resulting solution to a finalconcentration of 1 M; this preparation was then loaded onto a 40-mLHiPrep™ Phenyl FF column pre-equilibrated with 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1 Mammonium sulfate (buffer B). After washing, the column was elutedstepwise with 75%, 50%, and 0% buffer B and H₂O in three column volumeseach. All fractions were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and activity assays.The target protein (SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:32) was present in theeluate from the 0% buffer B elution step; this eluate was pooled andconcentrated using 10K AMICON ULTRA-15 devices. The final product, whichwas greater than 95% pure, was stored in 40% glycerol at −20° C. untilusage.

BbrGlu2 and BbrGlu5

Both BbrGlu2 (SEQ ID NO:36) and BbrGlu5 (SEQ ID NO:38)alpha-glucosidases were purified in four steps. For each purification,the crude broth from a 1-L DASGIP fermenter was concentrated, afterwhich ammonium sulfate was added to 60% saturation. The solution wasstirred at 4° C. for 1 hr, and then centrifuged at 8000×g for 30 min.The resulting pellet was re-suspended in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (buffer A).Ammonium sulfate was added to the resulting solution to a finalconcentration of 1 M; this preparation was then loaded onto a HiPrep™Phenyl FF column pre-equilibrated with 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 1 M ammoniumsulfate. The target protein (SEQ ID NO:36 or SEQ ID NO:38) was elutedfrom the column with 0.5 M ammonium sulfate. Respective fractions werepooled, concentrated and buffer-exchanged into buffer A using a VIVAFLOW200 ultrafiltration device (Sartorius Stedim). The resulting solutionwas applied to a HiPrep™ Q FF 16/10 column pre-equilibrated with bufferA. Target protein was eluted from the column with a linear gradient of0-0.5 M NaCl in buffer A. Fractions containing target protein werepooled, concentrated and subsequently loaded onto a HiLoad™ 26/60Superdex™ 75 column pre-equilibrated with 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 0.15 MNaCl. The fractions containing target protein were then pooled andconcentrated using 10K AMICON ULTRA-15 devices, and stored in 40%glycerol at −20° C. until usage.

Thus, various additional alpha-glucosidases were expressed and purified.These alpha-glucosidases were tested for hydrolytic activity againstalpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages and alpha-1,3 and/or alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkages in Examples 11, 12, 15 and 16 provided below.

Example 11 Testing Alpha-Glucosidases for Hydrolytic Activity AgainstVarious Glycosidic Linkages

This example discloses testing whether alpha-glucosidases havehydrolytic activity beyond that previously associated with this class ofenzymes (EC 3.2.1.20). Alpha-glucosidases from Example 10 were shown tohave hydrolytic activity against alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkagesand alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages.

Substrate Specificity of Alpha-Glucosidases

The substrate specificity of each alpha-glucosidase disclosed in Example10 was assayed based on the release of glucose from a particularsubstrate (isomaltose, maltose, panose, leucrose, or nigerose) when thesubstrate was incubated with alpha-glucosidase. The rate of glucoserelease was measured using a coupled glucose oxidase/peroxidase(GOX/HRP) method (1980, Anal. Biochem. 105:389-397). Glucose release wasquantified as the rate of oxidation of 2,2′-azino-bis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) by peroxide that wasgenerated from coupled GOX/HRP enzymes reacted with glucose.

Individual substrate solutions were prepared by mixing a 9 mL solutionof substrate (1% in water, w/v) with 1 mL of 0.5 M pH 5.0 sodium acetatebuffer and 40 μL of 0.5 M calcium chloride in a 15-mL conical tube.Coupled enzyme (GOX/HRP) solution with ABTS was prepared in 50 mM sodiumacetate buffer (pH 5.0), with the final concentrations of 2.74 mg/mLABTS, 0.1 U/mL HRP, and 1 U/mL GOX. Serial dilutions of individualalpha-glucosidase samples and glucose standard were prepared in MILLIQwater. For nigerose, alpha-glucosidase samples were tested with only onedosage at 10 ppm due to a limited stock of substrate solutions. Eachalpha-glucosidase sample (10 μL) was transferred into a new microtiterplate (Corning 3641) containing 90 μL of substrate solutionpre-incubated at 50° C. for 5 min at 600 rpm. Reactions were carried outat 50° C. for 10 min (for isomaltose, maltose, panose, and nigerosesubstrates), or for 60 min (for leucrose substrate) with shaking (600rpm) in a THERMOMIXER (Eppendorf). 10 μL of each reaction mix, as wellas 10 μL of serial dilutions of glucose standard, were then quicklytransferred to new microtiter plates (Corning 3641), respectively, towhich 90 μL of ABTS/GOX/HRP solution was then added accordingly. Themicrotiter plates containing reaction mixes were immediately measured at405 nm at 11 second intervals for 5 min using a SOFTMAX PRO plate reader(Molecular Devices). The output was the reaction rate, V_(o), for eachenzyme concentration. Linear regression was used to determine the slopeof the plot V_(o) vs. enzyme dose. The specific activity of eachalpha-glucosidase was calculated based on the glucose standard curveusing Equation 1:

Specific Activity(Unit/mg)=Slope(enzyme)/slope(std)×1000  (1),

-   -   where 1 Unit=1 μmol glucose/min.        For nigerose, the value of the reaction rate with enzyme dosage        at 10 ppm was directly used to indicate enzyme activity.

Using the foregoing method, the specificity of each alpha-glucosidasewas determined against each substrate. The activities of anoligo-1,6-glucosidase (purchased from Megazyme, see Table 4) and atransglucosidase (TG L-2000, see Table 4) against each substrate werealso measured. The results of this analysis are provided in Table 17.

TABLE 17 Activity of Various Alpha-Glucosidases Against DifferentSubstrates SEQ Enzyme Activity (U/mg) as Measured on: ID Iso- Enzyme NO.maltose Maltose Panose Leucrose Nigerose^(a) Oligo-1,6- 118.2 0.0 54.31.3 19.6 glucosidase TG L-2000 1 194.0 235.6 127.7 68.9 254.0 AclGlu1 6255.7 401.9 180.9 113.7 315.1 NfiGlu1 9 521.2 360.0 126.9 89.4 264.3NcrGlu1 12 282.7 34.9 15.9 61.6 200.4 TauSec098 15 54.9 123.8 23.8 1.8305.6 TauSec099 18 244.0 97.7 50.8 70.6 184.8 BloGlu1 20 71.1 66.9 23.12.5 165.0 BloGlu2 24 65.9 86.7 19.9 3.5 217.9 BloGlu3 26 120.1 175.531.4 9.0 272.6 BspGlu1 30 64.2 247.9 60.8 27.3 254.6 BthGlu1 32 108.393.3 21.1 68.4 128.5 BbrGlu2 38 106.6 167.5 26.9 6.1 258.8 BbrGlu5 38925.8 0.0 279.7 2.8 22.1 ^(a)Each enzyme was used at one dosage (10 ppm)against nigerose.

Interestingly, it was found that alpha-glucosidases, besides exhibitinghydrolytic activity against alpha-1,4 glucosyl-glucose linkage(maltose), also exhibit hydrolytic activity against alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkage (isomaltose), alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucoselinkage (nigerose), and alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage (leucrose)(Table 17).

Thus, alpha-glucosidases have hydrolytic activity beyond that previouslyassociated with EC 3.2.1.20 enzymes. Specifically, alpha-glucosidaseshave hydrolytic activity against alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkagesand alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages.

Example 12 Hydrolysis of Leucrose and Oligosaccharides in GlucanReaction Filtrate Using Alpha-Glucosidase

This Example describes using alpha-glucosidase to hydrolyze leucrose andother oligosaccharides present in filtrate obtained from a glucansynthesis reaction. Specifically, the effect of alpha-glucosidasesdisclosed in Example 10 on the hydrolysis of leucrose andoligosaccharides DP2, DP3 and HS (higher sugars, DP4+) in a filtrate ofan insoluble glucan (poly alpha-1,3-glucan) synthesis reaction wasstudied.

Isolation and Analysis of Oligosaccharides for Testing AgainstAlpha-Glucosidase Activity

First, a concentrated filtrate of a glucan synthesis reaction wasprepared as per Example 1.

Briefly, oligosaccharides were isolated from the concentrated filtrateby chromatographic separation, and analyzed for glycosidic linkageprofile.

Chromatographic separation employing a strong acid cation-exchange resinwas used to isolate the oligosaccharide fraction of the concentratedfiltrate. The physical parameters of the column used for this separationwere as follows: FINEX CS11GC, #227 resin; Na⁺ ion form; 5% divinylbenzene (crosslinking); 0.34 mm particle size; 1.64 m bed length; 0.093m column diameter.

In more detail, the concentrated sugar solution (i.e., concentratedfiltrate) described in Table 3 was filtered and diluted to 25 g drysolids/100 g solution using tap water. Prior to addition of this sugarsolution to the column resin, the resin was washed with six bed volumes(BV) of sodium chloride solution (three BV at 10 wt % sodium chloridefollowed by three BV at 5 wt % sodium chloride) to convert the resin tothe sodium form. The sugar solution (0.6 L) was then fed to the column,after which the column was eluted using water at a flow rate of 50mL/min. The run conditions of the chromatographic separation aresummarized as follows: 0.6 L feed size, 25 g dry solids/100 g solution,65° C. column temperature, 50 mL/min flow rate. An oligosaccharidesolution was eluted between 11 and 21 minutes. A small amount ofsalts—indicated by an increase in conductivity—was eluted at the sametime. The oligosaccharide fraction thus prepared was analyzed by HPLC todetermine its product distribution. In total, the fractioncontained >89% of oligosaccharides containing three or more hexose unitsand less than 1.5% of identifiable mono- and di-saccharides. Thisfraction was concentrated to a total dry weight of 317 g/L using a thinfilm evaporator (LCI Corporation, Charlotte, N.C.) followed by rotaryevaporation with a ROTAVAPOR (R-151; Buchi, New Castle, Del.). Theproduct distribution of the concentrated fraction as measured by HPLCappears in Table 18.

TABLE 18 Product Distribution of Concentrated Oligosaccharide FractionSucrose Leucrose Glucose Fructose DP2 DP3 DP4 DP5 DP6 DP7 Total g/L 0.02.5 0.0 0.7 31.5 75.9 101.8 62.1 28.9 15.3 316.7 wt % 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.29.9 23.9 32.1 19.8 8.5 4.8 100

Primary Screening of Alpha-Glucosidases on Glucan Oligomer Hydrolysis

The activities of eleven different alpha-glucosidases (Example 10), aswell as the activities of two benchmark enzymes, oligo-1,6-glucosidase(purchased from Megazyme) and transglucosidase (TG L-2000), wereindividually evaluated against the purified oligosaccharide fractionprepared above (Table 18). Each alpha-glucosidase (dosed at 1 mg/mL) wasincubated in a solution containing oligosaccharide substrates (2.9% drysolids) and 2 mM calcium chloride at pH 5.0 at 60° C. Each reaction wasquenched after 24 hours of incubation by adding 50 μL of 0.5 M NaOH.

The oligosaccharide/monosaccharide contents of the quenched reactionswere determined as follows. A sample of each reaction was diluted 5-foldin water for HPLC analysis. HPLC separation was done using an Agilent1200 series HPLC system with an AMINEX HPX-42A column (300 mm×7.8 mm) at85° C. The sample (10 μL) was applied to the HPLC column and separatedwith an isocratic gradient of MILLI-Q water as the mobile phase at aflow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Oligosaccharide products were detected using arefractive index detector. The numbers provided in Table 19 belowreflect the average of peak area percentages (from duplication of eachsample) of each DP_(n) as a fraction of the total from DP1 to DP7.

TABLE 19 Analysis Glucan Filtrate Oligosaccharides Following Treatmentwith Alpha- Glucosidase

As indicated with shading in Table 19, the oligosaccharide content ofthe reactions generally shifted toward smaller sized sugars, incomparison with the control reaction (“Blank”) in which there was noenzyme. These results indicate that alpha-glucosidase can be used tohydrolyze oligosaccharides comprised within a glucan synthesis reactionand a fraction thereof. Also, given the linkage profile of theoligosaccharides (Examples 3 and 4), and the activity ofalpha-glucosidase against various glycosidic linkages in addition toalpha-1,4 linkages (Example 11), it is apparent that alpha-glucosidasecan be used to break down oligosaccharides with alpha-1,5glucosyl-fructose linkages and/or alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6glucosyl-glucose linkages. The results provided in Table 19 also suggestthat fungal alpha-glucosidases have better hydrolytic activity towardssoluble oligosaccharides compared with the bacterial alpha-glucosidases.

Confirmation of Alpha-Glucosidase Hydrolytic Activity TowardOligosaccharide Products of Glucan Synthesis Reactions

Reactions were prepared comprising one or two alpha-glucosidases and aconcentrated filtrate obtained from a poly alpha-1,3-glucan synthesisreaction (Table 3). Alpha-glucosidase reactions were dosed with enzymeat 4 ppm, or for blends, each enzyme was used at a 1:1 ratio with afinal dosage of 4 ppm. The concentrated filtrate was loaded in eachreaction at 10% dry solids. Each reaction further comprised 2 mM calciumchloride at pH 5.0, and was carried out at 60° C. or 65° C. Thereactions were quenched by adding 50 μL of 0.5 M NaOH after a 23-hourincubation.

The oligosaccharide/monosaccharide contents of the quenched reactionswere determined as follows. A sample of each reaction diluted 25-fold inwater for HPLC analysis. HPLC separation was done using an Agilent 1200series HPLC system with an AMINEX HPX-42A column (300 mm×7.8 mm) at 85°C. The sample (10 μL) was applied to the HPLC column and separated withan isocratic gradient of MILLI-Q water as the mobile phase at a flowrate of 0.6 mL/min. Oligosaccharide products were detected using arefractive index detector. The numbers provided in Table 20 belowreflect the average of peak area percentages (from duplication of eachsample) of each DP_(n) as a fraction of the total. The results providedin Table 20 generally confirm the activity of certain alpha-glucosidasesas discussed above regarding the results provided in Table 19.

TABLE 20 Analysis Glucan Filtrate Sugars Following Treatment withAlpha-Glucosidase

Thus, alpha-glucosidase can be used to hydrolyze leucrose and otheroligosaccharides present in a fraction (e.g., filtrate) obtained from aglucan synthesis reaction, such as a poly alpha-1,3-glucan synthesisreaction.

Example 13 Isolation of Oligomer/Leucrose Fraction from Gtf-S/MUT3325Reaction

Sucrose (4.50 kg) was dissolved in distilled deionized water to a finaltotal volume of 9.5 L and the resulting solution was heated withstirring at 80° C. for 5 minutes and then cooled to 47° C. Withstirring, 500 grams of a crude extract containing 0.6 g/L of gtf-Senzyme (GTF0459, SEQ ID NO:42) and 15.0 mL of a crude extract containing10 g/L of mutanase (MUT3325, SEQ ID NO:47) was added with stirring (seeGeneral Methods for enzyme preparations). The pH of the resultingmixture was immediately adjusted to between pH 5.5 to pH 6.0 by slowlyadding a 1:10 (v/v) dilution of 37 wt % HCl with stirring. The reactiontemperature and pH were maintained at 47° C. and pH 5.5-6.0,respectively, until sucrose conversion was >95% per HPLC analysis, afterwhich the reaction mixture was immediately adjusted to pH 7.0 to 7.5 andheated to 90° C. for 20 min, then cooled to 25° C. for immediatefiltration to remove particulates and precipitate. The resultingfiltrate was held at 5° C. prior to IEX/SEC column chromatography usingthe following resin and conditions: FINEX CS 11 GC SAC in Ca²⁺ form,column i.d=9.3 cm, resin bed height 1.58 m, T=70° C., flow rate=51mL/min, linear flow rate=0.44 m/h, feed size=0.6 L=171 g, feedRI-DS=25.1 g/100 g, sample interval=3 min. The column fractionscollected between 30 min and 67 min were combined, concentrated byevaporation to 66% dissolved solids and analyzed by HPLC as described inthe General Methods. Table 21 indicates the oligosacharide andmonosaccharide components of the isolated fraction thus prepared.

TABLE 21 Analysis of Oligomer/Leucrose Fraction from gtf-S/MUT3325Reaction

In this Example, a glucan synthesis reaction was used to produce atleast one soluble alpha-glucan product. This soluble product resultedfrom the concerted action of both a glucosyltransferase (GTF0459, SEQ IDNO:42) and an alpha-glucanohydrolase (MUT3325, SEQ ID NO:47) that wereboth present in the glucosyltransferase reaction. This Example alsodemonstrated the preparation of a chromatographic fraction from theglucan synthesis reaction. This fraction was used in Examples 15 and 16below to test the activity of alpha-glucosidases thereupon.

Example 14 Isolation of Oligomer/Leucrose Fraction from Gtf-C Reaction

Sucrose (4.50 kg) was dissolved in distilled deionized water to a finaltotal volume of 9.5 L and the resulting solution was heated withstirring at 80° C. for 5 minutes and then cooled to 47° C. Withstirring, 500 grams of a crude extract containing 0.41 g/L of gtf-Cenzyme (GTF0088BsT1, SEQ ID NO:45) was added with stirring (see GeneralMethods for enzyme preparation). The pH of the resulting mixture wasimmediately adjusted to between pH 5.5 to pH 6.0 by slowly adding a 1:10(v/v) dilution of 37 wt % HCl with stirring. The reaction temperatureand pH were maintained at 47° C. and pH 5.5-6.0, respectively, untilsucrose conversion was >95% per HPLC analysis, after which the reactionmixture was immediately adjusted to pH 7.0 to 7.5 and heated to 90° C.for 20 min, then cooled to 25° C. for immediate filtration to removeparticulates and precipitate. The resulting filtrate held at 5° C. priorto IEX/SEC column chromatography using the following resin andconditions: FINEX CS 11 GC SAC in Ca²⁺ form, column i.d=9.3 cm, resinbed height 1.58 m, T=70° C., flow rate=50 mL/min, linear flow rate=0.44m/h, feed size=0.6 L=171 g, feed RI-DS=25.8 g/100 g, sample interval=3min. The column fractions collected between 34 min and 72 min werecombined, concentrated by evaporation to 67% dissolved solids andanalyzed by HPLC as described in the General Methods. Table 22 indicatesthe oligosacharide and monosaccharide components of the isolatedfraction thus prepared.

TABLE 22 Analysis of Oligomer/Leucrose Fraction from Gtf-C Reaction

In this Example, a glucan synthesis reaction was used to produce atleast one soluble alpha-glucan product. This Example also demonstratedthe preparation of a chromatographic fraction from a glucan synthesisreaction that produced a soluble alpha-glucan product. This fraction wasused in Examples 15 and 16 below to test the activity ofalpha-glucosidases thereupon.

Example 15 Primary Screening of Alpha-Glucosidases UsingOligomer/Leucrose Fractions from Gtf-S/MUT3325 and Gtf-C Reactions

This Example describes using alpha-glucosidase to hydrolyze leucrose andother oligosaccharides present in chromatographic fractions obtainedfrom glucan synthesis reactions that produced soluble alpha-glucanproduct. Specifically, study was made on the effect ofalpha-glucosidases disclosed in Example 10 on the hydrolysis of leucroseand oligosaccharides in the fractions prepared in Examples 13 and 14.

A total of twelve alpha-glucosidases and two benchmark enzymes(oligo-1,6-glucosidase and TG L-2000 transglucosidase) were screenedusing oligomer/leucrose fractions from gtf-S/MUT3325 (Example 13) andgtf-C (Example 14) reactions as substrate material. All the enzymes(alpha-glucosidases and benchmark enzymes) were dosed at equal proteinconcentrations. Each alpha-glucosidase (dosed at 100 ppm) was incubatedin a solution containing oligomer/leucrose substrates (10% dry solids)and 2 mM calcium chloride at pH 5.5 at 47° C. Each reaction was quenchedafter 21 hours of incubation by adding 50 μL of 0.5 M NaOH.

The oligosaccharide/monosaccharide contents of the quenched reactionswere determined as follows. A sample from each reaction was centrifugedand supernatant therefrom was diluted 25-fold in water for HPLC analysis(General Methods). The percentages reported in Table 23 reflect theaverage of peak area percentages (from duplicate analyses of eachsample) of each DP_(n) as a fraction of the total. The results indicatethat the fungal alpha-glucosidases had better hydrolytic activitytowards glucan oligomers when compared to the bacterialalpha-glucosidases.

TABLE 23 Sugar Composition Analysis of Primary Screening ofAlpha-Glucosidases Using Oligomer/Leucrose Fractions from Gtf-S/MUT3325and Gtf-C reactions

As indicated with shading in Table 23, the oligosaccharide content ofthe reactions generally shifted toward smaller sized sugars, incomparison with the control reactions (“Blank”) in which there was noenzyme. These results indicate that alpha-glucosidase can be used tohydrolyze oligosaccharides comprised within a glucan synthesis reactionand a fraction thereof, particularly a chromatographic fraction of aglucan synthesis reaction that produced soluble alpha-glucan product.Also, given the linkage profile of the oligosaccharides (Examples 13 and14), and the activity of alpha-glucosidase against various glycosidiclinkages in addition to alpha-1,4 linkages (Example 11), it is apparentthat alpha-glucosidase can be used to break down oligosaccharides withalpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages and also likely alpha-1,3 andalpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages. The results provided in Table 23also suggest that fungal alpha-glucosidases have better hydrolyticactivity towards soluble oligosaccharides compared with the bacterialalpha-glucosidases.

Thus, alpha-glucosidase can be used to hydrolyze leucrose and otheroligosaccharides present in a fraction (e.g., chromatographic fraction)obtained from a glucan synthesis reaction, such as one that synthesizesa soluble alpha-glucan product.

Example 16 Select Screening of Alpha-Glucosidases UsingOligomer/Leucrose Fractions from Gtf-S/MUT3325 and Gtf-C Reactions

This Example is further to Example 15, describing the use ofalpha-glucosidase to hydrolyze leucrose and other oligosaccharidespresent in chromatographic fractions obtained from glucan synthesisreactions that produced soluble alpha-glucan product.

Evaluation of alpha-glucosidases that were most active for hydrolysis ofoligomer/leucrose fractions from off-S/MUT3325 and gtf-C reactions(Example 15) was performed by analyzing sugar compositions resulting inreactions containing enzymes dosed at equal protein concentrations.Incubations of alpha-glucosidases (dosed at 4 ppm; for blends, the ratioof the two enzymes was 1:1 and total dosage was 4 ppm) andoligomer/leucrose substrate (10% ds) were performed at pH 5.5 in thepresence of 2 mM calcium chloride at 60° C. and 65° C., respectively.The reactions were quenched by adding 50 μL of 0.5 M NaOH after 23 hoursof incubation.

The oligosaccharide/monosaccharide contents of the quenched reactionswere determined as follows. A sample from each reaction was centrifugedand supernatant therefrom was diluted 25-fold in water for HPLC analysis(General Methods). The percentages reported in Table 24 (below) reflectthe average of peak area percentages (from duplicate analyses of eachsample) of each DP_(n) as a fraction of the total. The results indicatethat TauSec098 was efficacious for hydrolysis of DP2 to DP7 oligomersand TauSec099 outperformed TG L-2000 for leucrose hydrolysis when theincubation was performed at 65° C. The blends of TauSec098 withTauSec099 (or TG L-2000) were effective for hydrolysis of oligomers andleucrose for DP1 production.

Thus, alpha-glucosidase can be used to hydrolyze leucrose and otheroligosaccharides present in a fraction (e.g., chromatographic fraction)obtained from a glucan synthesis reaction, such as one that synthesizesa soluble alpha-glucan product.

TABLE 24 Sugar Composition Analysis of Select Screening ofAlpha-Glucosidases Using Oligomer/Leucrose Fractions from Gtf-S/MUT3325and Gtf-C reactions SEQ ID DP7+ DP7 DP6 DP5 DP4 DP3 DP2 Leucrose GlucoseFructose Temp Substrate Enzyme NO (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)(%) 60° C. oligomer/ TG L-2000  1 2.5 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.9 5.3 22.9 18.4 21.425.8 leucrose TauSec098 15 5.4 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.4 2.6 6.3 71.8 0.0 10.7fraction from TauSec099 18 2.9 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.9 4.7 23.3 21.5 19.7 24.1Gtf-C reaction TauSec098 + 15, 18 2.7 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 3.3 19.9 34.9 18.217.8 TauSec099 TauSec098 + 15, 1  2.7 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.4 4.5 23.7 27.1 18.620.3 TG L-2000 Blank 5.2 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.8 3.2 8.3 70.0 0.0 9.2 oligomer/TG L-2000  1 4.1 0.3 1.2 3.2 8.1 17.2 13.2 0.0 27.9 24.8 leucroseTauSec098 15 3.4 0.2 0.0 0.4 1.1 3.5 12.3 32.3 35.3 11.5 fraction fromTauSec099 18 4.2 0.0 1.2 3.2 8.2 17.4 15.3 0.0 25.4 25.1 Gtf-S/TauSec098 + 15, 18 3.5 0.2 0.4 0.9 2.3 6.2 16.8 21.2 31.7 16.9 MUT3325TauSec099 reaction TauSec098 + 15, 1  3.2 0.1 0.3 0.7 2.0 6.0 26.0 17.029.1 15.6 TG L-2000 Blank 4.6 0.4 1.2 3.2 7.9 17.5 15.1 36.6 0.0 13.565° C. oligomer/ TG L-2000  1 2.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.8 4.9 24.9 26.0 17.420.8 leucrose TauSec098 15 2.8 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.4 2.6 6.6 73.6 0.0 11.1fraction from TauSec099 18 2.2 0.3 0.4 1.0 2.0 4.9 23.2 17.4 21.6 27.0Gtf-C reaction TauSec098 + 15, 18 4.5 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 3.4 20.3 28.6 20.120.1 TauSec099 TauSec098 + 15, 1  5.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.2 2.9 21.1 34.4 18.015.7 TG L-2000 Blank 7.0 0.4 0.7 1.3 1.8 3.2 7.9 68.4 0.0 9.4 oligomer/TG L-2000  1 2.9 0.2 1.1 3.1 8.1 18.0 11.7 16.5 19.3 19.0 leucroseTauSec098 15 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 3.3 12.0 33.1 36.6 11.1 fraction fromTauSec099 18 4.4 0.0 1.2 3.1 7.8 16.1 14.4 0.0 27.4 25.5 Gtf-S/TauSec098 + 15, 18 3.9 0.2 0.4 0.8 2.1 5.7 16.2 19.4 33.7 17.6 MUT3325TauSec099 reaction TauSec098 + 15, 1  3.7 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.8 5.0 24.9 20.529.4 13.6 TG L-2000 Blank 3.1 0.6 1.1 2.5 6.3 13.6 13.0 31.1 17.0 11.8

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of hydrolyzing an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage in a saccharide comprising at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage, wherein the saccharide is a disaccharide or oligosaccharide, and wherein the method comprises: contacting the saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under suitable conditions, wherein said alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of the saccharide, and wherein the amount of the saccharide is reduced compared to the amount of the saccharide that was present prior to said contacting.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme is immobilized.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharide is leucrose.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the concentration of leucrose after the contacting step is less than 50% of the concentration of leucrose that was present prior to said contacting.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the suitable conditions comprise: (i) a glucan synthesis reaction, or (ii) a fraction obtained from the glucan synthesis reaction; wherein the saccharide is a byproduct of the glucan synthesis reaction.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the glucan synthesis reaction produces at least one insoluble alpha-glucan product.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the fraction is a filtrate of the glucan synthesis reaction.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the glucan synthesis reaction produces at least one soluble alpha-glucan product that is (i) a product of a glucosyltransferase, or (ii) a product of the concerted action of both a glucosyltransferase and an alpha-glucanohydrolase capable of hydrolyzing glucan polymers having one or more alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages or one or more alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the fraction is a chromatographic fraction of the glucan synthesis reaction.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the alpha-glucosidase enzyme is a transglucosidase or glucoamylase.
 11. A composition produced by contacting a saccharide with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme, wherein said saccharide is a disaccharide or oligosaccharide and comprises at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage, wherein said enzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of the saccharide, and wherein said composition comprises a reduced amount of the saccharide compared to the amount of the saccharide that was present prior to said contacting.
 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the saccharide is leucrose.
 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the saccharide is in (i) a glucan synthesis reaction, or (ii) a fraction obtained from the glucan synthesis reaction; wherein the saccharide is a byproduct of the glucan synthesis reaction.
 14. A method of enriching fructose present in a fraction of a glucan synthesis reaction, comprising: (a) contacting a fraction obtained from a glucan synthesis reaction with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under suitable conditions, wherein said alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of a disaccharide or oligosaccharide comprised within the fraction; and (b) separating fructose from the hydrolyzed fraction of step (a) to obtain a composition having a higher concentration of fructose compared to the fructose concentration of the fraction of step (a).
 15. A fermentation method comprising: (a) contacting a fraction obtained from a glucan synthesis reaction with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme under suitable conditions, wherein said alpha-glucosidase enzyme hydrolyzes at least one alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage of a disaccharide or oligosaccharide comprised within said fraction; (b) fermenting the fraction of step (a) with a microbe to yield a product, wherein said fermenting is performed after step (a) or simultaneously with step (a); and (c) optionally, isolating the product of (b); wherein the yield of the product of (b) is increased compared to the product yield of fermenting a fraction of the glucan synthesis reaction that has not been contacted with the alpha-glucosidase enzyme. 